Although the Geronimo team makes milestone releases available (the current one is M3), I recommend using the latest source and building Geronimo yourself. While building from source can be time consuming, you will need the latest source to get the examples in this article to work. (I did my best to get them running on M3, but alas, they wouldn't all work.) To build Geronimo, you need three things: the Subversion version control system client, Apache Maven, and the Geronimo source code. I assume you have downloaded and installed the first two per their instructions. Now, with both the Subversion client and the Maven executable in your PATH, you can build Geronimo. |
Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) application servers are the Web-enabled standard when it comes to application development for the enterprise. While there are commercial options, studies have shown that open source technology has become a familiar, if not essential, part of the corporate IT infrastructure. JBoss 4.2, Geronimo 2, and Tomcat 6 are three widely used open source Java EE servers. Of the three, JBoss and Tomcat hold the majority share of the market, although neither one is fully Java EE compliant. The fully Java EE compliant Geronimo, meanwhile, is quickly gaining momentum. If you want to compete in the Java EE job market, you should be familiar with all three of these open source servers and understand how they differ. |
Here are the first two chapters of Geronimo: A Developer's Notebook. They cover installing, running, and playing around with Geronimo. We've made them publicly available online to help bring Geronimo and its anxious community closer together. The goal of the Geronimo M2 release is to work out the bugs and oddities that come with new code; these chapters are what you need get into the thick of it all. |
Discover the Apache Geronimo application server through the eyes of someone who's used IBM WebSphere® Application Server for many years (along with other commercial J2EE application servers). This tutorial explores the ins and outs of Geronimo, comparing its features and capabilities to those of WebSphere Application Server, and provides insight into how to conceptually architect sharing an application between WebSphere Application Server and Geronimo. |
Maven is an application for building Java applications, from source code to packaging to Web sites. The Geronimo application server was built using the Maven application's build system. At its core, Maven's extensible framework allows the creation of modules that perform several actions involved in building software components. Related to Apache Ant -- the Java build tool -- Maven's actions have been compared to the results generated by using the UNIX command make. Maven scripting also lets you automatically deploy your application into a running Geronimo server. This article shows how you can use Maven to package your source code into a full Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) enterprise application. |
Although Apache Pluto comes as a Web application built on J2EE standards, it can't be directly deployed as is. Also, any Pluto portal application you develop can't be directly installed in the Pluto portal container. Developers typically deploy Pluto in the Apache Tomcat Web container, but that approach isn't your only choice. Geronimo can also host Pluto applications. This article shows how to use the Pluto portal server with Geronimo to provide a completely open source testing and deployment environment for portal applications with a popular and feature-rich application server in the background. |
The evolution of Web technologies in Java technology has greatly benefited developers over the years. The latest evolution, the unified expression language, promises to further benefit developers by allowing them to mix both JSTL and JSF technologies. The unified expression language is now an important part of the Java EE 5 specification, which makes it an important part of Geronimo 2.0. Geronimo has once again helped developers by not only implementing the spec, but by using the reference implementation of the spec. With GlassFish JSTL and Geronimo 2.0, developers have more choices than ever when building Java Web applications. |
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This article shows you how to stop unnecessary applications and services and how to restart them in case you need to use them later. You'll learn how to customize your stock Apache Geronimo distribution so that when it boots up and runs, it's only loading the Web applications and system services you need it to run. As a result, Geronimo will run in a more secure configuration and environment, and processor and memory utilization will be more efficient. |
This article shows you what the Apache Geronimo project members have implemented for their 1.1 release and sheds a little light on the not-so-distant future when Geronimo 2.0 will be completed. |
All three of these methods for connecting a database to a Geronimo application server are covered in this article, along with an example application that uses these concepts. The example application will be extended in future articles to exercise more of the J2EE stack, but for now we'll exercise only the Web application (Servlet and JSP layer) as well as the JDBC connector layer of the J2EE stack. |
Many of the GBeans allow other open source projects and code -- such as Jetty, Tomcat, and OpenEJB -- to become a part of the Geronimo stack, while providing JSR-77 life cycle capabilities to these components. An example of a powerful Java-based component is OpenSymphony's Quartz scheduler. This article demonstrates how to create a Quartz GBean to integrate the Quartz scheduler into Geronimo. |
Geronimo is the Apache Software Foundation's open source J2EE 1.4 server, born in 2003. Part 1 of this two-part series described Geronimo from a system-design standpoint, examined its architecture, probed some key structural concepts, and introduced basic user terminology. Now continue the Geronimo tour and explore the server's deployment, configuration, and management capabilities in some detail. |
This tag associates the JNDI name to the resource object's type, which in this case is javax.mail.Session. If it looks familiar, it's because it's the same tag used to declare the object types of other resources like data sources (for JDBC) or connection factories (for JMS). Both of these resource types have already been used elsewhere in the example application. Listing 2 contains the tag needed in the corresponding Geronimo-specific plan. |
Geronimo applications are usually Web based. The Jetty and Tomcat engines, part of Geronimo, support Web-based user interfaces created with JavaServer Pages, JavaServer Faces, servlets, and other templating technology or frameworks. Users typically access the application using a standard Web browser. Web applications accessed through browsers are often called thin-client solutions. |
You've learned about the Geronimo deployment model, which brings a number of different open source projects under one umbrella. Geronimo users don't need to know all the detail covered in this article, but if you've been adventurous enough to peek behind the curtain, you've gained a deeper understanding of the concepts underlying the Geronimo deployment architecture. |
While these ideas are old, we keep finding new ways to realize them in Java? technology. The latest round of decoupling, dependency injection, reflects the ideals stated above. Like many new concepts implemented in different ways in different places, a lot of confusion has arisen between the concept and the implementation. In this two-part article series, I discuss the concepts of DI (also known as Inversion of Control, or IoC), then demonstrate how it's implemented in Apache Geronimo. |
Follow along with the steps for deploying simple J2EE applications on computers running Apache Geronimo, and find out how similar the steps are to those for any other J2EE-compliant application server. While this article focuses mainly on how to deploy EJBs on Apache Geronimo, you'll also learn about JSPs and servlets. This article assumes that you know how to write and deploy EJBs in another J2EE container, such as IBM WebSphere® Application Server, JBoss, or WebLogic. |
This article guides you through the process of deploying your own blog and wiki components onto the Apache Geronimo application server. |
After asking Jeff about who would be building out the clustering features within Geronimo, he talked about the clustering team and how they are putting together the various pieces they need to deliver. I wondered if there was any friction in the team, and he laughed, assuring me that everyone on the team works well together. They have a number of Geronimo and Apache committers on the team already, as well as a number of non-Apache folks. He said the people leading the push for integrating the WADI clustering component into Geronimo are himself and Jules Gosnell who is famous for his prior integration work in putting Jetty into JBoss as well as for being the principal designer on the WADI project. Remember the castle-like village in the Italian Alps that I mentioned? Well, that is where the developers of Jetty -- Greg Wilkins and Jan Bartel -- live with their beautiful views of the surrounding countryside and their outstanding Internet connection. Greg has been an advocate of WADI for over a year and has worked with Jules to ensure that Jetty works well with WADI. |
You've only scratched the surface, but you can probably tell that Java EE 5 is a huge departure from J2EE 1.4. It shares many of the same concepts. The application server provides all the same services it used to, such as distributed computing, transaction management, and persistence. However, the APIs for these services are fundamentally different. EJBs are much simpler to develop, but that implies that Java EE 5 application servers have to provide more functionality than ever before. Thus, the Geronimo developers had a lot on their plates when it came time to implement the Java EE 5 specification. This was especially true for OpenEJB, because once again it was counted on to be a foundation for Geronimo, and it implements this bold new EJB 3.0 specification. |
Suddenly, people had to register with a Web site and provide information about who they are, what they want to buy, and how they want to buy it, and Web sites must maintain that information. The Web server can no longer simply answer the caller -- shoot him or her a page and then forget about it. In computer parlance, these tasks are known as issues of state, and they complicate the once-simple paradigm of the request-response behavior that the Web enjoyed in its infancy. |
In this installment, Part 1 of the series, you'll begin with an overview of transactions, and discuss EJB container-managed transactions as described in EJB 2.1. You'll conclude with some code snippets to show how you can implement container-managed transactions in the Geronimo application server. |
Configuring the descriptor files is important, because it's the mechanism that allows these components to be used in Geronimo. It's also how JNDI names get associated with a given Java object. Components deployed in Geronimo typically have two deployment files: the standard Java deployment descriptor and the Geronimo-specific deployment plan. The primary resource is the CustomerServiceDatabase. The data source, CustomerServicePool, provides a number of connections to access this database. To store customer information, the user first accesses the Web interface and types information in the fields. Those fields are passed to a Java bean that references a session bean. This session bean acts on the customer data by referencing an entity bean to perform the basic database operations. The entity bean is the Java object representation of one row in the customer's table, and it's the component that references the CustomerServicePool to access the database. Listing 2 contains the standard Java deployment descriptor for this entity bean. |
We talked a bit longer about all the hard work the Geronimo committers and community were doing, and I took my leave, finally understanding what all the fuss is about. Spring seems to be a pretty handy framework to have around. It's obvious how IoC and dependency injection can make my life a whole lot easier when applications require any sort of configuration change, and I've wasted way too many hours of my life trying to decipher SQLExceptions not to appreciate Spring's approach to data access. What's more, I learned something about classloaders and why I sometimes get errors that seem to defy any sort of problem solving, so I definitely appreciate Geronimo's hidden class declaration. |
Apache Pluto, a subproject of the Apache Portals project, is an open source implementation of the Java Portlet Specification. The Pluto project provides a portlet container runtime environment, as mandated by the specification, in which portlets can be instantiated and managed. In this article, I discuss the high-level features of Pluto and how Pluto can be integrated with Apache Geronimo. There's also a sample application (see the Downloads section) containing Geronimo GBeans, which abstract the public interfaces of the primary components of the Pluto framework. These GBeans can then be deployed to a running Geronimo instance, where they can be used to monitor and manage Pluto's portal features. |
So when The Powers That Be asked me to do this installment of The Geronimo renegade on the choice of OpenEJB as the EJB implementation for Apache Geronimo, I was intrigued. Maybe I could finally figure out what the big deal was. |
Based on the Sun Java BluePrints program's PetStore application, JPetStore, the iBATIS PetStore application supports a wide assortment of databases executed on a variety of application servers. The user interface (UI) framework is implemented using Apache Struts. The persistence layer is composed using the iBATIS SQL Maps framework and the iBATIS Data Access Objects (DAO) framework. The application uses the Derby database for the persistent store. For the purposes of this article, you'll use Geronimo as the application server. Figure 1 shows a high-level conceptual illustration of the relationships of each of these components and frameworks. |
This final installment wraps up the five-part tutorial series by introducing you to the Spring Framework. Learn to integrate your Java?Server Faces (JSF) applications with Spring, a popular framework that makes it easier for Apache Geronimo developers to build Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) applications. You'll use Spring to continue developing the front end for the example Developer Forum Signup application. |
The goal of J2EE certification is both a blessing and a curse for the Geronimo project (see The toll of certification). In order to be certifiable, Geronimo must support all mandatory features described in the J2EE 1.4 specification (see Resources). The specification refers to a collection of other specifications that also have their own mandatory clauses. Figure 1 gives you some idea of what Geronimo must implement before qualifying for certification. |
A modern enterprise is a complex infrastructure with data playing a crucial role. Therefore, maintaining data consistency in all circumstances is vital. The Apache Geronimo application server supports small-to-medium-sized enterprise applications and provides support for the latest Java? 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) specification. Transactional support by the Geronimo application server allows creation of an infrastructure that can handle exceptional conditions. For a demonstration of how transactional support by the Geronimo application server can be used to ensure data integrity, we've used an enhanced emulator of a simple banking scenario that was developed for the previous related articles "Build a secure enterprise infrastructure with Geronimo" (developerWorks, July 2005) and "Implement and deploy Web services in an Apache Geronimo application" (developerWorks, November 2005). |
J2EE is a platform-independent environment designed for developing and deploying Web-based applications for enterprise-wide use. The platform has been likened to a meta language or language superset. But at its core, J2EE is simply the Java programming language and a specific, minimal set of Java classes. (See Resources for a link to the class documentation for J2EE.) |
Dive deep into the intricacies of using Apache Geronimo and Axis2 to build a complex Web services application. This three-part tutorial series walks you through building an example online banking Web service, documenting each step of the process so new users can quickly grasp the concepts and build a complete Web service and Web-interface client that connects to and communicates with the Web service. In the first installment, you get acquainted with the example Web service and the Web services that use WSDL, build and compile a WSDL file, and test and deploy it on Geronimo. |
To get more familiar with the important details of using transactions in Geronimo applications, you'll work with a small application called Transaction Demo, created for deployment in a Geronimo application server. The development was based on an early release of Geronimo M5 (the fifth milestone release). (See Resources for a link to the Apache Software Foundation site to download the latest release of the Geronimo application server.) |
When operated within Geronimo, ActiveMQ provides support for MDBs, which are EJBs that consume JMS messages. The asynchronous nature of JMS enables MDBs to be activated on demand by the container to perform work within the J2EE server on behalf of clients. Geronimo benefits greatly from ActiveMQ's rich client support. Unlike session or entity EJBs, MDBs are not called through rigid EJB interfaces. Instead, a client can invoke MDB services by simply sending a JMS message to a destination. This significantly simplifies the coding of clients that consume EJB-based services. In fact, Geronimo inherits the ability to provide services to non-J2EE clients -- those supported by the stand-alone ActiveMQ server. |
Designing an effective event-driven software system that can respond to real-time changes and events in a timely manner is a complex task. An SOA, together with an effective event-driven interaction framework using Java reflection, can reduce complexities and add flexibility. The Geronimo platform provides APIs and tools, including a JMS provider, that you can use to build a powerful event-driven interaction framework. |
Apache Geronimo, which is built on a general-purpose Inversion of Control (IoC) kernel that supports the JMX framework, oversees a collection of managed components called Geronimo Beans (GBeans). Geronimo was created with JMX as the underlying kernel infrastructure, so it shares several similarities with JMX Managed Beans (MBeans). This structure has changed slightly over time, because using JMX as the framework for locating objects, interobject communication, method interception, and so on was seen as a stretch for JMX. However, the legacy of JMX is still evident in the Geronimo architecture, especially in the GBean framework. |
I started by asking Jules how he first got involved with the Java? Enterprise Edition space. He mentioned he was working for a bank in London, writing Java servlets to replace an older system written in C++. It was through this work that he became aware of the high-quality development efforts of Greg Wilkins and Jan Bartel, creators and developers of the lightweight HTTP server and servlet runner called Jetty. His interest in Jetty led him to participate in some JBoss application server development work to integrate Jetty. After this, he worked to implement a clustered Web session implementation for Jetty. Shortly after the Geronimo project began, back in August 2003, talk began about implementation of the clustering functionality with the project. |
The second part of this guide contains a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs). Questions range from "Where do I get the latest technical information?" to "How do I get in touch with Geronimo developers in the community?" You'll find some of the most puzzling Geronimo questions answered here. |
The next step is to write a Geronimo deployment plan for the Pluto portal driver, which is the Web application used to run portlets. Plans are XML documents that describe additional Geronimo-specific properties; they replace Java EE deployment descriptors. |
Continue getting to the heart of using Apache Geronimo and Axis2 to build a complex Web services application. Part 2 of this three-part tutorial series walks you through setting up the Apache Derby database in preparation for the example online banking application. You'll create a client Web application to call operations implemented in the Web service, and you'll fully test the Web service with the client application. |
Plans vary greatly. Some are loose and generic; they leave out a lot of detail in favor of some simple goal, such as maximizing income. Other plans are tight and specific; they're like computer programs in their exactness. A loose plan is commonly known as a scheme and carries a certain measure of bad connotation with it -- namely that schemes should be avoided. But a good, tight, detailed plan, reflecting a lot of thought and effort behind it, is known as a schema. |
The WTP project currently provides support for deploying projects to several open source and Web application servers, including the Apache Tomcat servlet container. A new open source project being developed -- Apache Geronimo -- provides a complete application server, including not just the servlet container, but also support for messaging, a database including JDBC connectors, and a portal framework. A new plug-in for WTP is being developed and is available on the eclipse.org Web site; it provides integration between WTP and Apache Geronimo (see Resources for a link to the plug-in). This plug-in allows you to use WTP as a very basic development environment for creating, deploying, and debugging Geronimo applications. |
In this article, Part 2 of a three-part series, you reviewed bean-managed transactions with details about using the two types of bean-managed transactions, JTA and JDBC. You also learned how to easily implement bean-managed transactions in Apache Geronimo with OpenEJB. Stay tuned for Part 3 of this series where you'll bring bean-managed and container-managed transactions together and learn about implementation choices you'll face with both methodologies. |
The Apache Geronimo application server project, licensed under the commercial-friendly Apache license, just might become the big box of building blocks that I remember having as a kid. It's a good thing that finally a group of developers is thinking about laying down a foundation of code so that the rest of the world can be freed from ever having to implement the basic puzzle pieces again. The key to having this low-level platform is the Apache license itself; without it, a completely different picture would result. |
So far in this four-part tutorial series you've created and deployed the machine shop sampler application using servlets, JavaServer Pages (JSPs), J2EE declarative security, and J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA). Then you enhanced it by replacing the JCA Resource Adapter with Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) and adding a Web service to communicate with the database module. In Part 3, you got familiar with the differences between the two types of entity beans, bean-managed persistence (BMP) and container-managed persistence (CMP) while creating a simple console that lets users customize the horsepower of their vehicles. You'll wrap up this series by learning about Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) -- specifically session beans and message-driven beans (MDBs) -- and using them to add a console to the application that lets mechanics order automotive parts. |
DI has real-world benefits for decoupling code. Here are a few examples. Say you have a human resources department that bases pay raises on the customer for which an employee works. To handle this, you implement customers as an abstract base class with many different subclasses (for example, financial, manufacturing, and so on). When you write the Human Resources class, you don't know which type of customer you'll process for a given employee. Thus, the Human Resources class depends on a specific implementation of a customer class. With DI, you can allow the container to inject the appropriate customer class either by configuring the container or implementing the injection in the code. |
Performance is definitely one of the advantages that Woodstox brings to Geronimo. Just as with other high-performance technologies, it's important to understand how to use Woodstox to get the best performance. The code in Listing 5 uses the XMLEventReader interface, a high-level API that's part of the StAX specification. A more low-level API that can be used instead for greater performance is the XMLStreamReader interface. Listing 6 shows the StAX parser using this interface. |
Apache Jakarta Tomcat has long been the reference container implementation for the latest servlets and JSP specifications. Throughout its illustrious open-source tenure, it has also been adopted by users worldwide as a production-grade, Web-tier engine, working in conjunction with industry-standard Web servers, such as the Apache Web server or the Microsoft® IIS. The great news is that the latest version of the Tomcat 5 engine is bundled standard with Geronimo, ready for activation. |
We offer the technical support options you need to confidently develop and deploy your Web and J2EE applications using Apache Geronimo. |
Before the availability of plug-ins, installation of new service or application features required either a download of a special build of Geronimo or the manual deployment and configuration of Geronimo modules. Plug-ins simplify life by enabling plug-in providers to bundle in the deployment and configuration in a ready-to-run format along with the module. New server features and applications can be added to the server via a simple download and install. |
This code runs the installer; when it's finished, you'll have a nice Java toolkit ready for building and testing Geronimo. However, you must perform one final step before you can use the toolkit. Add the following lines to your $HOME/.bashrc file so that they (1) force the shell to look in the toolkit for the updated Java binaries and (2) define where the Geronimo code can locate the Java Runtime Environment (JRE): |
During the pleasantries and introductions, I discovered that both Snyder and Genender are practice leaders for the Virtuas open source consulting company (see Resources for a link). They have an easy rapport, almost finishing each other's sentences, which makes an IRC conversation particularly interesting. Other than adding punctuation and rearranging a line of text here or there for the sake of clarity, this is the conversation as it happened. I wanted to know specifically why Apache Geronimo is important in the first place. After all, it's not just that there other application servers out there; there are also other open source application servers out there. |
The first question I needed to know was why Apache Geronimo was even concerned with Apache MyFaces in the first place. Tim explained that it was part of the migration from Java? 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) 1.4 to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) 5. "Geronimo is already a J2EE 1.4-compliant application server, but as part of the 1.5 specification, JSF needs to be supported, and the way we're doing that is with Apache MyFaces." |
Clearly, one cannot have an application server without some sort of messaging solution. In fact, you literally can't have a J2EE application server without a messaging solution; an implementation of the JMS standard is a requirement of the J2EE specification. In Apache Geronimo technology, this is accomplished through the integration of software from the ActiveMQ project. |
The factory and receivingTopic are both obtained from JNDI and correspond to the resources CustomerServiceConnectionFactory and CustomerServiceTopic, respectively. Both of these resources were created using the Geronimo console. Listing 9 shows how to use these JMS resources to send a message to a destination. |
This article will show you how to develop a stand-alone (fat) client that can communicate with an EJB application running inside the Geronimo application server. Building on my two previous articles -- "Three ways to connect a database to a Geronimo application server" (developerWorks, June 2005) and "Dive into EJB Web applications with Geronimo" (developerWorks, July 2005) -- this shows you a Swing client that connects to a small phonebook database built using a Geronimo EJB application. You'll read a brief design description, followed by information on the client libraries you need to run the application. Next I'll explain the methodology for contacting the server and performing operations on a remote stateless session bean on the server. Finally you'll learn how to develop, compile, and run the client application and how to configure the server to allow secure access from specific clients on your network. |
In this, the last part of the introductory series on EJB transactions, you've seen a summary of options and a discussion on some additional configuration options and choices for using EJB transactions with Geronimo. |
Apache Geronimo is making news with its latest release, version 1.1. At its core is the Inversion Of Control (IoC) model, which is also the core pattern for the Spring Framework, a layered Java? Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE?) application framework developed under the Apache License. The Spring Framework was built on the principle that Java EE should be easier to use. This six-part tutorial series covers the complete Spring Framework, front to back, including how to implement its functionality with Apache Geronimo. This installment, Part 1 of the series, introduces you to the Spring Framework architecture and explores the instersection between Geronimo and Spring. |
If you've ever wondered how to send e-mail from an Apache Geronimo application, this tutorial is for you. Java? developer Neal Sanche guides you through developing a simple Struts application for user validation through e-mail links in Geronimo. This tutorial teaches you how to embed JavaMail? in your Geronimo server, link it to your application, and use it to easily send template-based e-mail through the Velocity Engine directly from your Web application. |
JSR 88 allows independent software vendors to produce J2EE applications that can be deployed to any J2EE-certified application server. Of course, developers of each application server can add extra deployment capabilities while still supporting JSR 88. For example, Apache Geronimo provides many advanced deployment features via its Geronimo deployment plans. The deployment plan tells Geronimo important metadata about your application. For Web applications, one of the important things that it does is set the context root of your application. This makes it easy to have your application appear at http://, for example, with no additional path on the URL. This article includes a simple Web application that includes a Geronimo deployment plan (see Resources for more about deployment plans). |
The Apache Geronimo application server supports Web services along with other aspects of the latest Java? 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) specification. To demonstrate Web services support within the Geronimo application server, the IBM Advanced Technology Solutions team has decided to enhance a software emulator of a simple banking scenario that was developed for a previous developerWorks article titled "Build a secure enterprise infrastructure with Geronimo" (developerWorks, July 2005). |
Designing a nimble and effective SOA that can respond to business domain changes and events in a timely manner is a complex task. However, an SOA built around a properly designed POJO layer can help simplify this task. The Geronimo platform provides frameworks and tools that you can use to build a flexible, scalable, and maintainable SOA using POJOs. |
Using Amazon Web Services (AWS) as an example, you'll learn how to consume Web services with Geronimo. You'll be guided through taking the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) for AWS and using Apache Axis to build the consumer code. You'll see a simple Java class that consumes the Web service and learn how this class is invoked from a JSP file to display the results of the Web service. Finally, you'll bundle the code as a J2EE WAR file and deploy it on Geronimo. |
Although the use of XMLBeans doesn't require an application server, you can leverage XMLBeans in Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) applications deployed in any application server, including Geronimo. This article explains the high-level concepts and shows some pseudo-code that illustrates how to do this. However, you should follow through using actual files to get the maximum benefit. |