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Wikipedia's contents: Technology and applied sciences

Technology is an expanded concept that deals with a species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. In human civilization, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances predate the formalization of these two disciplines. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas – examples include construction technology, medical technology, or state-of-the-art technology.

The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of plentiful natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear bombs.

Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to solving practical problems. For example, fields of engineering are applied sciences. Applied science is important for technology development. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as research and development (R&D).

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Technology and applied sciences: Overview • Lists • Outlines • Portals • Categories • Glossaries • Indexes

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Overview (see for all subject areas)

Main articles: Technology and Applied science

Technological concepts and issues – Appropriate technology • Diffusion of innovations in science • Doomsday device • High technology • History of science and technology • History of technology • Industry • Innovation • Knowledge economy • Persuasion technology • Pollution • Posthumanism • Precautionary principle • Research and development • Strategy of technology • Superpowers • Technicism • Technocapitalism • Technocriticism • Techno-progressivism • Technological convergence • Technological evolution • Technological determinism • Technological diffusion • Technological singularity • Technology acceptance model • Technology assessment • Technology lifecycle • Technology transfer • Technology Tree • Technorealism • Timeline of invention • Transhumanism

Technologies and applied sciences – Aerospace • Agriculture, Agricultural science & Agronomy • Architecture • Artificial intelligence • Automation • Automobile • Big Science • Biotechnology • Cartography • Communication • Computing (Computer science (List of open problems in computer science), Information systems, Information technology, Programming, Software engineering, Computer engineering) • Construction • Design • Electronics • Energy development • Energy storage • Engineering (Chemical engineering, Civil engineering, Electrical engineering, Mechanical engineering) • Ergonomics • Firefighting • Food science • Forensics • Forestry • Free software • Health sciences • Health Informatics • Industry • Information science (Library and information science) • Internet • Machines • Management • Manufacturing • Mass communication • Mass production • Medicine (Unsolved problems in neuroscience) • Military science • Military technology and equipment • Mining • Nanotechnology • Nuclear technology • Packaging and labeling • Processes • Robotics • Space exploration • Technology forecasting • Telecommunications • Tools • Transport • Vehicles • Weapons

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Lists (see for all subject areas)

Technologies: Emerging Technology

Architecture and Construction

This section requires expansion.

Buildings and structures: Tallest (London) • Irish buildings • Historic landmarks

Lighthouses and lightvessels: Belgium • Canada • France • Germany • Sweden • United States

Windmills: UK

Watermills: UK

Energy infrastructure: Largest • Coal • Fuel oil • Natural gas • Nuclear • Hydroelectric • Geothermal • Photovoltaic • Solar thermal • Tidal • Wind (Onshore • Offshore)

Water infrastructure: Largest • Reservoirs and dams • Tallest • Canals

Computing: AMD microprocessors • Intel microprocessors • Intel chipsets • Software bugs • Open source software packages • GNU packages • Operating systems • Unixes • Unix programs • Machines running CP/M • IBM products • UNIVAC products • Microcomputers • Graphics file formats • Test automation • Screen readers

Internet and World Wide Web: TCP and UDP port numbers • Internet top-level domains • Newsgroups • HTTP status codes • XML and HTML characters • Digital library projects • Colors • HTML editors • Wikis

Web technologies: Java APIs • .NET APIs • Web 2.0 • Ajax

Computer science: Algorithms • Data structures • Publications • Open problems

Programming languages: Alphabetical list • Categorical list • Chronological list • Generational list

Character sets and encodings: ASCII • EBCDIC • ISO 646 • ISO 8859-1 • ISO 8859-2 • ISO 8859-3 • ISO 8859-8 • ISO 8859-11 • ISO 8859-15 • Unicode • UTF-7 • UTF-8 • UTF-16 • UTF-32 • Windows-1252

Electronics

Engineering: Branches

Fire:

Firelighting

Military

Military strategies: Thirty-Six Strategies • Military tactics

Air forces of the world

Military air bases: Royal Air Force • Royal Canadian Air Force • US Air Force • US Army • US Coast Guard • US Marine Corps • US Navy

Air force commands: Royal Air Force • USAAF NAF Component Commands

Aircraft groups: Royal Air Force

Aircraft squadrons: British Army Air Corps • British Fleet Air Arm • Royal Air Force • US Air Force • US Army • US Marine Corps • US Navy

Aircraft wings: Royal Navy • US Navy

Armies of the world

Armies (by number) • Military corps (by number • by name) • Military divisions (by number • by name)

United Kingdom: Regiments of Foot • Regiments (1881) • Regiments (1903) • Regiments (1922) • Regiments (1962) • Regiments (1994) • British Forces in the American Revolutionary War

United States of America: Armies • Corps • Divisions • Defense contractors • Military bases

Navies of the world: Fleets

Military groups in WWI and WWII

Australia: Divisions in WWI • WWII

Britain: Groups in WWII • Armies in WWI • WWII • Corps in WWI • Divisions in WWI • WWII

Canada: Divisions in WWII

Germany: Prisoner of War Camps in WWII

India: Corps in WWII • Divisions in WWII

Poland: Divisions in WWII

United States of America: Groups in WWII

Terrorists of the world: Terrorist groups • Terrorist incidents

Military bases

Military events: Battles • Guerrilla movements • Invasions • Military missions, operations, and projects • Terrorist incidents • Wars

Weapons and miscellaneous topics

Military technology and equipment: Weapons • Aircraft weapons • World War II weapons • Missiles • Armoured fighting vehicles • NATO reporting names • Swords

Artillery: By country • WWII • Largest cannons by caliber

This section requires expansion.

Military aircraft: Luftwaffe • Soviet Union and CIS • United States • British Army Air Corps • Royal Air Force • Fleet Air Arm • Israeli • Australian Air Force • Australian Navy • Canadian Air Force • Canadian Navy • New Zealand Air Force and Navy • South African • Irish • Armée de l'Air • NATO reporting names for misc aircraft • NATO reporting names for transport aircraft • US X-planes

Naval technology

By era/war: World War II

By type: Aircraft Carriers • Battleships • Cruisers • Destroyers • LSTs

By operator: Australia • Canada • Germany • India • Japan • Netherlands • United Kingdom • Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) • United States • Military Sealift Command (USA) • Soviet Union

Space exploration: Unmanned space missions • Human spaceflights • (by program) • Space disasters • Astronauts • Timeline of astronauts by nationality • List of NRO Launches

Transportation: Transport museums

Aviation: Aircraft • Manufacturers • Engines • Engine manufacturers • Weapons • By date and use

Aviation accidents • By airline • By location • By year

Airports • FR • BE • GR • JP • PL • UK • AU

Land transport

Automobiles: Manufacturers • Trucks

List of convoy codes

Cycles: Bicycle parts

Rail transport

Heritage railways

Light-rail transit • Melbourne tram routes • Metros • London Underground stations • closed London Underground stations • Melbourne railway stations • closed Melbourne railway stations • List of famous trains • List of railway stations - UK • closed New York City Subway stations

Road systems

Roads and highways: US Interstates • UK motorways • Highways in Australia • List of U.S. Routes • US state highways• Roads and Transport Authority serving Dubai

Bridges: UK • USA • Largest

Tunnels: NL • NZ • UK

Nautical / Shipping technology: Ships • Fictional ships • Sailboats • Marinas

Space transport: Spacecraft • List of unmanned spacecraft by program • List of Solar System probes • List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies

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Outlines (see for all subject areas)

Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science.

Technology – making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

Technologies and applied sciences

Aerospace – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth.
- Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft.
Applied physics – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering.
Agriculture – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms.
- Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.
  - Fisheries – a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features".
  - Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors.
- Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services.
- Organic gardening and farming
- Sustainable agriculture
Business management – act of getting people together to accomplish profit-oriented goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. It comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling a business or effort for the purpose of earning a profit.
- Actuarial science – discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.
- Marketing – process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and generate the strategy of sales techniques and business communication to build strong customer relationships.
Communication –
- Books –
- Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications.
  - Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications.
  - Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
  - Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications.
Computing – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more.
- Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.
  - Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem.
- Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.
  - Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it.
    - Natural language processing –
    - Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence.
  - Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties.
  - Human-computer interaction
- Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.
- Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
- Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
  - Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs.
  - Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation.
  - C++ – one of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.
  - Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more.
- Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
  - Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction.
  - Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system.
- Computer industry
  - Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services.
  - Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search.
Construction – building or assembly of any physical structure.
Design – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment.
- Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings.
Electronics –
Industry – production of an economic good or service.
- Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor.
- Industrial machinery –
- Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work.
- Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
- Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots.
  - Object recognition
Energy –
- Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction.
- Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later.
- Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei.
- Wind energy –
- Solar energy –
Engineering – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems.
- Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials.
- Computer engineering –
- Control engineering –
- Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics.
- Geoengineering –
- Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software.
Firefighting – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill.
Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action.
Health
- Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts.
- Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.
Hydrology – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
Information science –
- Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.
- Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields.
Military science – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict.
Mining – extraction of mineral resources from the earth.
Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size.
Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing).
Sustainability – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions.
Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another.
- Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast.
- Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things.
  - Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles.
  - Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels.
  - Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles.
- Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims