GNU Package Blurbs

This file gives short blurbs for all official GNU packages with links to their home pages. More documentation of GNU packages.

3DLDF

GNU 3DLDF supports 3D drawing with output to the MetaPost format via a language similar to Metafont. It is primarily intended to provide a means of creating 3D content for TeX documents, but it can also create animations containing text typeset by TeX. (doc)

a2ps

GNU a2ps converts almost anything to a PostScript file, ready for printing. It accomplishes this by being able to delegate files to external handlers, such as Groff and Gzip. It handles as many steps as is necessary to produce a pretty-printed file. It also includes some extra abilities for special cases, such as pretty-printing --help output. (doc)

Acct

GNU acct provides a means for system administrators to determine system usage patterns. It provides information on, for example, connections, programs executed, and system resources used. (doc)

Acm

GNU ACM is a flight simulator in which players can compete in aerial combat from different computers, piloting well-equipped jet aircraft similar to an F-16C Falcon or a MiG-29 Fulcrum. (doc)

Adns

GNU adns is a C library that provides easy-to-use DNS resolution functionality. The library is asynchronous, allowing several concurrent calls. The package also includes several command-line utilities for use in scripts. (doc)

Alive

GNU Alive sends periodic pings to a server, generally to keep a connection alive. (doc)

Anubis

Anubis is a daemon that sits between the Mail User Agent (MUA) and the Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). When a mail is sent by a user in the MUA, it is first passed to Anubis, which performs additional processing to the message before passing it on for delivery by the MTA. Anubis may, for example, modify the message headers or body, or encrypt or sign the message. (doc)

APL

GNU APL is a free interpreter for the programming language APL. It is an implementation of the ISO standard 13751. (doc)

Archimedes

Archimedes is a free package for semiconductor device simulations. It is intended to assist engineers in designing and simulating submicron and mesoscopic semiconductor devices based on the Ensemble Monte Carlo method. It is able to handle a wide variety of materials and structures, which are described through simple scripts. (doc)

Aris

Aris is a program for performing logical proofs. It supports propositional and predicate logic, as well as Boolean algebra and arithmetical logic. In addition to its predefined inference and equivalence rules, Aris also supports references to older proofs. Its use of standard logical symbols and its natural deduction interface make it easy to use for beginners. (doc)

Aspell

Aspell is a spell-checker which can be used either as a library or as a standalone program. Notable features of Aspell include its full support of documents written in the UTF-8 encoding and its ability to use multiple dictionaries, including personal ones. (doc)

AUCTeX

AUCTeX is an integrated environment for producing TeX documents in Emacs. It allows many different standard TeX macros to be inserted with simple keystrokes or menu selection. It offers an interface to external programs, enabling you to compile or view your documents from within Emacs. AUCTeX also features the ability to place inline previews of complex TeX statements such as mathematical formulae. (doc)

Autoconf

Autoconf offers the developer a robust set of M4 macros which expand into shell code to test the features of Unix-like systems and to adapt automatically their software package to these systems. The resulting shell scripts are self-contained and portable, freeing the user from needing to know anything about Autoconf or M4. (doc)

Autoconf-archive

Autoconf Archive is a collection of over 450 new macros for Autoconf, greatly expanding the domain of its functionality. These macros have been contributed as free software by the community. (doc)

Autogen

AutoGen is a program to ease the maintenance of programs that contain large amounts of repetitive text. It automates the construction of these sections of the code, simplifying the task of keeping the text in sync. It also includes an add-on package called AutoOpts, which is specialized for the maintenance and documentation of program options. (doc)

Automake

Automake the part of the GNU build system for producing standards-compliant Makefiles. Build requirements are entered in an intuitive format and then Automake works with Autoconf to produce a robust Makefile, simplifying the entire process for the developer. (doc)

Avl

libavl provides a large collection of binary search tree and balanced tree routines for C. These trees offer at least O(log n) performance for usually costly operations such as searching, inserting or deleting items from a data structure. (doc)

Ball and Paddle

Ball and Paddle is a classic arcade game in which you use a paddle at the bottom of the screen to bounce a ball against bricks in the upper region, eliminating the bricks as they are hit. As a novel twist, events and attributes of all the objects (bricks, ball, etc.) may be scripted with GNU Guile. (doc)

Barcode

GNU Barcode is a flexible tool to produce printed barcodes from text strings. It supports a variety of encoding standards and sizing measurements. Barcodes can be output in PostScript or Encapsulated PostScript formats. (doc)

Bash

Bash is the shell, or command-line interpreter, of the GNU system. It is compatible with the Bourne Shell, but it also integrates useful features from the Korn Shell and the C Shell and new improvements of its own. It allows command-line editing, unlimited command history, shell functions and aliases, and job control while still allowing most sh scripts to be run without modification. (doc)

Bayonne

Bayonne is the telephony server of the GNU Telephony project. It offers a scalable environment for the development and deployment of telephony solutions, with a focus on SIP. (doc)

Bazaar

GNU Bazaar is a version control system that allows you to record changes to project files over time. It supports both a distributed workflow as well as the classic centralized workflow. (doc)

Bc

bc is an arbitrary precision numeric processing language. It includes an interactive environment for evaluating mathematical statements. Its syntax is similar to that of C, so basic usage is familiar. It also includes dc, a reverse-polish calculator. (doc)

BFD

See binutils. (doc)

Binutils

GNU Binutils is a collection of tools for working with binary files. Perhaps the most notable are ld, a linker, and as, an assembler. Other tools include programs to display binary profiling information, list the strings in a binary file, and utilities for working with archives. The bfd library for working with executable and object formats is also included. (doc)

Bison

GNU Bison is a general-purpose parser generator. It can build a deterministic or generalized LR parser from an annotated, context-free grammar. It is versatile enough to have many applications, from parsers for simple tools through complex programming languages. (doc)

Bool

GNU Bool is a utility to perform text searches on files using Boolean expressions. For example, a search for hello AND world would return a file containing the phrase Hello, world!. It supports both AND and OR statements, as well as the NEAR statement to search for the occurrence of words in close proximity to each other. It handles context gracefully, accounting for new lines and paragraph changes. It also has robust support for parsing HTML files. (doc)

BPEL2oWFN

GNU BPEL2oWFN translates a web service expressed in Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) into an open Workflow Net (oWFN). It may additionally convert a BPEL4Chor choreography to a Petri Net model. Properties of Petri Nets may be analyzed efficiently, due to the use of static analysis to make the models compact. Control and data flow analysis, as well as basic checks for deadlocks and other such properties are available. (doc)

C-graph

GNU C-Graph is a tool for demonstrating the theory of convolution. Thus, it can serve as an excellent aid to students of signal and systems theory in visualizing the convolution process. Rather than forcing the student to write code, the program offers an intuitive interface with interactive dialogs to guide them. (doc)

ccAudio

GNU ccAudio2 is a portable C++ class for working with audio data from disk. The classes are both endian and content aware; rather than treating audio as binary data, this library treats it as an sequence of samples. It can also handle metadata information. ccAudio2 supports sun audio, raw samples, and RIFF encoded audio data. (doc)

Ccd2cue

GNU ccd2cue is a preprocessor for CD burning software that allows the conversion of the proprietary CCD format to the CUE format, which is well-supported by free software. These files are commonly distributed with CD images and are used to describe how tracks are laid out on the image. (doc)

Ccide

GNU Ccide is a decision table code generator for the C language. This helps to avoid unmanageable and error-prone chains of nested if-else statements. Instead, decision tables are entered in an intuitive and easy-to-read format, which is then expanded into portable C code. (doc)

ccRTP

GNU ccRTP is an implementation of RTP, the real-time transport protocol from the IETF. It is suitable both for high capacity servers and personal client applications. It is flexible in its design, allowing it to function as a framework for the framework, rather than just being a packet-manipulation library. (doc)

ccScript

GNU ccScript3 is a library to add a virtual machine execution system for use with/as a scripting or assembler language for real-time, state-transition driven systems. (doc)

Cflow

GNU cflow analyzes C source files and produces a graph charting the control flow of the program. It can output the graph in several styles and in either the POSIX format or in an extended GNU format. cflow also includes a major mode for Emacs for examining the flowcharts that it produces. (doc)

Cgicc

GNU cgicc is an ANSI-compliant C++ library for writing CGI applications, featuring support for FastCGI. The library supports several features, including handling both GET and POST data, handling a variety of form data types, and on-the-fly HTML generation. (doc)

Chess

GNU Chess is a chess engine. It allows you to compete against the computer in a game of chess, either through the default terminal interface or via an external visual interface such as GNU XBoard. (doc)

Cim

Cim is the GNU compiler for Simula, the first object-oriented programming language. (doc)

Classpath

GNU Classpath provides essential libraries for Java virtual machines and compilers. It is compatible with a large percentage of the language API specifications and provides a wide array of functionality. (doc)

CLISP

GNU CLISP is an implementation of ANSI Common Lisp. Common Lisp is a high-level, object-oriented functional programming language. CLISP includes an interpreter, a compiler, a debugger, and much more. (doc)

Combine

GNU combine works to merge files based on a common key in a hash table. It can be seen as similar to, albeit much more powerful than, the standard join utility. Unlike join, any number of files may be merged based on the matches found. combine also has other advanced features, such as date parsing and directory traversal. (doc)

(u)Common C++

GNU Common C++ is an portable, optimized class framework for threaded applications, supporting concurrent synchronization, inter-process communications via sockets, and various methods for data handling, such as serialization and XML parsing. It includes the uCommon C++ library, a smaller reimplementation. (doc)

Complexity

GNU complexity provides tools for finding procedures that are convoluted, overly long or otherwise difficult to understand. This may help in learning or reviewing unfamiliar code or perhaps highlighting your own code that seemed comprehensible when you wrote it. (doc)

Config

The config.guess script tries to guess a canonical system triple, and config.sub validates and canonicalizes. These are used as part of configuration in nearly all GNU packages (and many others). (doc)

Coreutils

GNU Coreutils includes all of the basic command-line tools that are expected in a POSIX system. These provide the basic file, shell and text manipulation functions of the GNU system. Most of these tools offer extended functionality beyond that which is outlined in the POSIX standard. (doc)

Cpio

GNU cpio copies files into or out of cpio or tar archives. Indeed, many formats are supported, including legacy formats. The format is determined automatically by the program and is handled appropriately. Furthermore, the location of the archive is not important. It can be another file on the drive, a tape, or data on a pipe. (doc)

Cppi

GNU Cppi processes C source code files to properly indent the preprocessor directives to reflect their nesting. It also performs other standardizations, such as correcting the number of spaces between directives and the text following them. (doc)

CSSC

GNU CSSC provides a replacement for the legacy Unix source code control system SCCS. This allows old code still under that system to be accessed and migrated on modern systems. (doc)

Cursynth

GNU cursynth is a polyphonic synthesizer that runs graphically in the terminal. It is built on a full-featured subtractive synthesis engine. Notes and parameter changes may be entered via MIDI or the computer's keyboard. (doc)

Dap

GNU Dap is a statistics and graphics package. It can read programs written for the proprietary statistics system SAS. Its syntax is similar to, but simpler than C, making performing most tasks relatively easy while still providing advanced graphical capabilities. (doc)

Datamash

Perform basic numeric, textual and statistical operations on plain text files. Designed to work within standard pipelines without additional code. (doc)

Dc

See bc. (doc)

DDD

GNU DDD, the Data Display Debugger, is a graphical front-end for command-line debuggers. Many back-end debuggers are supported, notably the GNU debugger, GDB. In addition to usual debugging features such as viewing the source files, DDD has additional graphical, interactive features to aid in debugging. (doc)

ddrescue

GNU ddrescue is a fully automated data recovery tool. It copies data from one file to another, working to rescue data in case of read errors. The program also includes a tool for manipulating its log files, which are used to recover data more efficiently by only reading the necessary blocks. (doc)

DejaGnu

DejaGnu is a framework for testing software. In effect, it serves as a front-end for all tests written for a program. Thus, each program can have multiple test suites, which are then all managed by a single harness. (doc)

Denemo

GNU Denemo is a music notation editor that provides a convenient interface to the powerful music engraving program Lilypond. Music can be typed in using the computer keyboard, played in using a MIDI keyboard, or even input via a microphone connected to the sound card. The final product is publication-quality music notation that is continuously generated in the background while you work. (doc)

Dia

See gnome. (doc)

Dico

GNU Dico implements a flexible dictionary server and client according to RFC 2229 (DICT Server). It is able to access any database available, regardless of format, thanks to its modular structure. New modules may be written in C, Guile or Python. Dico also includes a command-line client, which may be used to query remote dictionary databases. (doc)

Diction

A package providing two classic Unix commands, style and diction. Diction is used to identify wordy and commonly misused phrases in a body of text. Style instead analyzes surface aspects of a written work, such as sentence length and other readability measures. (doc)

Diffutils

GNU Diffutils is a package containing tools for finding the differences between files. The diff command is used to show how two files differ, while cmp shows the offsets and line numbers where they differ. diff3 allows you to compare three files. Finally, sdiff offers an interactive means to merge two files. (doc)

Dionysus

GNU Dionysus is a convenient system for quickly retrieving the values of mathematical constants used in science and engineering. Values can be searched using a simple command-line tool, choosing from three databases: universal constants, atomic numbers, and constants related to semiconductors. (doc)

Direvent

A daemon that monitors directories for events, such as creating, deleting or modifying files. It can monitor different sets of directories for different events. When an event is detected, direvent calls a specified external program with information about the event, such as the location within the file system where it occurred. Thus, direvent provides an easy way to react immediately if given files undergo changes, for example, to track changes in important system configuration files. (doc)

Dmd

GNU DMD is a daemon-managing daemon, meaning that it manages the execution of system services, replacing similar functionality found in typical init systems. It provides dependency-handling through a convenient interface and is based on GNU Guile. (doc)

Dominion

GNU Dominion is a multi-player world simulation game. In it, each player rules a nation and must maintain their nation in the face of competition from the other players. Players must make political, economical, military and diplomatic decisions in order for their nations to survive. This game is intended to be played by players all with access to the same computer system. (doc)

Easejs

ease.js is a classical object-oriented framework for JavaScript, intended to eliminate boilerplate code and ease the transition to JavaScript from other object-oriented languages. (doc)

Ed

Ed is a line-oriented text editor: rather than offering an overview of a document, ed performs editing one line at a time. It can be executed both interactively and via shell scripts. Its method of command input allows complex tasks to be performed in an automated way. GNU ed offers several extensions over the standard utility. (doc)

EDMA

GNU EDMA is a development environment that combines ideas from both object-oriented programming and component-based systems. It is used to build modular, evolving applications as well as reusable components. EDMA provides a convenient means to build object-oriented programs in C without requiring C++. Also, it has a unique component system, unlike other free software component-based systems which imitate the design of proprietary counterparts. It includes a graphical wizard, gidfwizard, a tool for building GNU EDMA Interface definition files and to create skeleton files necessary to build EDMA classes, and a graphical class browser, gecb. (doc)

Electric

GNU Electric is a CAD program for designing electrical circuits, handling custom IC layout, schematic drawing and hardware description language specifications. Several CAD operations are supported, such as rule checking and simulation. Many different types of designs can be produced and input or output in a wide variety of formats. (doc)

Emacs

GNU Emacs is an extensible and highly customizable text editor. It is based on an Emacs Lisp interpreter with extensions for text editing. Emacs has been extended in essentially all areas of computing, giving rise to a vast array of packages supporting, e.g., email, IRC and XMPP messaging, spreadsheets, remote server editing, and much more. Emacs includes extensive documentation on all aspects of the system, from basic editing to writing large Lisp programs. It has full Unicode support for nearly all human languages. (doc)

Emacs-muse

Muse is an authoring and publishing environment for GNU Emacs. It supports entering text in a convenient and easy-to-learn format. Later, your documents may be published in a variety of different formats, such as HTML, LaTeX or PDF. Muse supports projects consisting of several documents, which are properly merged according to the output format. (doc)

EMMS

EMMS is the Emacs Multimedia System. It is a small front-end which can control one of the supported external players. Thus, it supports whatever formats are supported by your music player. It also supports tagging and playlist management, all behind a clean and light user interface. (doc)

Enscript

GNU Enscript is a program to convert ASCII text files to PostScript, HTML or RTF formats, to be stored in files or sent immediately to a printer. It also includes the capability to perform syntax highlighting for several different programming languages. (doc)

Fdisk

GNU fdisk provides a GNU version of the common disk partitioning tool fdisk. fdisk is used for the creation and manipulation of disk partition tables, and it understands a variety of different formats. (doc)

Ferret

GNU Ferret is a graphical data modeler for the Entity/Relationship paradigm. It can automatically create relational schemas from the data models and it can be used to generate SQL statements in a variety of dialects. (doc)

Findutils

Findutils supplies the basic file directory searching utilities of the GNU system. It consists of two primary searching utilities: find recursively searches for files in a directory according to given criteria and locate lists files in a database that match a query. Two auxiliary tools are included: updatedb updates the file name database and xargs may be used to apply commands with arbitrarily long arguments. (doc)

FisicaLab

GNU FisicaLab is an educational application for solving physics problems. Its main objective is allow the user to focus on physics concepts, leaving aside the mathematical details. (doc)

Fontutils

GNU Fontutils is a collection of programs for handling fonts. Bitmaps can be extracted from scanned images of characters, edited, and converted into outline fonts. In general, Fontutils supports the font formats supported by the TeX typesetting environment, including PostScript Type 1 fonts. (doc)

FreeDink

GNU FreeDink is a free and portable re-implementation of the engine for the role-playing game Dink Smallwood. It supports not only the original game data files but it also supports user-produced game mods or D-Mods. To that extent, it also includes a front-end for managing all of your D-Mods. (doc)

Free UCS Outline Fonts

GNU FreeFont is a collection of scalable outline fonts that are suitable for general computer use and for desktop publishing. A serif, a sans serif and a monospace font are included, all available in both TrueType and OpenType formats. The fonts support a broad range of characters for many different writing systems, and have excellent coverage of mathematical notation. (doc)

FreeIPMI

GNU FreeIPMI is a collection of in-band and out-of-band IPMI software in accordance with the IPMI v1.5/2.0 specification. These programs provide a set of interfaces for platform management. Common functionality includes sensor monitoring, system event monitoring, power control and serial-over-LAN. (doc)

Freetalk

GNU Freetalk is a command-line Jabber/XMPP chat client. It notably uses the Readline library to handle input, so it features convenient navigation of text as well as tab-completion of buddy names, commands and English words. It is also scriptable and extensible via Guile. (doc)

FriBiDi

GNU FriBidi is an implementation of the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. This algorithm is used to properly display text in left-to-right or right-to-left ordering as necessary. (doc)

Gama

GNU Gama is a program for the adjustment of geodetic networks. It is useful in measurements where Global Positioning System (GPS) is not available, such as underground. It features the ability to adjust in local Cartesian coordinates as well as partial support for adjustments in global coordinate systems. (doc)

Gratuitous ARP Daemon

GNU garpd broadcasts Gratuitous ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests/replies for a list of MAC address <-> IP address mappings on specified interfaces at regular intervals. Gratuitous ARP request packets are those where the source and the destination IPs are both the IP of the requesting machine. Gratuitous ARP replies are those made without a corresponding request. (doc)

Gawk

Gawk is the GNU implementation of Awk, a specialized programming language for the easy manipulation of formatted text, such as tables of data. Gawk features many extensions beyond the traditional implementation, including network access, sorting, and large libraries. (doc)

Gcal

Gcal is a program to calculate and print calendars on the command-line. Calendars can be printed in 1-month, 3-month or whole-year views. In addition, eternal holiday lists can be generated for many countries, which can be complemented by user-made lists of fixed dates to make an agenda. Gcal can also calculate astronomical data, such as the phases of the moon, and supports alternative calendar formats: Julian, Gregorian, Islamic, Chinese and more. (doc)

GCC

GCC is the GNU Compiler Collection. It provides compiler front-ends for several languages, including C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, Ada, and Go. It also includes runtime support libraries for these languages. (doc)

Gcide

GCIDE is a free dictionary based on a combination of sources. It can be used via the GNU Dico program or accessed online at http://gcide.gnu.org.ua/ (doc)

GNU Common Lisp

GCL is an implementation of the Common Lisp language. It features the ability to compile to native object code and to load native object code modules directly into its lisp core. It also features a stratified garbage collection strategy, a source-level debugger and a built-in interface to the Tk widget system. (doc)

GCompris

GCompris is a suite of educational software for children. It features a variety of activities suitable for kids aged 2 to 10 years old. The suite includes activities to introduce and develop skills in computer use, algebra, science, reading and more. It also features some games such as chess and sudoku. (doc)

GDB

GDB is the GNU debugger. With it, you can monitor what a program is doing while it runs or what it was doing just before a crash. It allows you to specify the runtime conditions, to define breakpoints, and to change how the program is running to try to fix bugs. It can be used to debug programs written in C, C++, Ada, Objective-C, Pascal and more. (doc)

Gdbm

GDBM is a library for manipulating hashed databases. It is used to store key/value pairs in a file in a manner similar to the Unix dbm library and provides interfaces to the traditional file format. (doc)

Gengen

GNU Gengen is a program to generate text-generators, i.e., functions producing text with variable sections. The text is first specified by the user in a template file containing parameters, then processed by gengen to create the text-generator. At runtime, the variable text is defined by the rest of the program and passed to the text-generator, which then substitutes it into the template parameters and returns the result. Gengen can be used to generate C and C++ code. (doc)

Gengetopt

GNU Gengetopt is a program to generate a C/C++ function for parsing command-line options using the getopt_long function found in GNU libc, removing some of the tedium of this task for large programs that accept many options. The options parsed by the generated function may be in both short (e.g., -h) and long (--help) formats, as specified by the GNU coding standards. Additionally, the output of the standard options --help and --version is generated automatically. (doc)

Gettext

GNU Gettext is a package providing a framework for translating the textual output of programs into multiple languages. It provides translators with the means to create message catalogs, as well as an Emacs mode to work with them, and a runtime library to load translated messages from the catalogs. Nearly all GNU packages use Gettext. (doc)

Gforth

Gforth is a fast and portable implementation of the ANSI Forth language. It includes an editing mode for Emacs and an interpreter featuring completion and history. A generic virtual machine environment, vmgen, is also included. (doc)

Ggradebook

GNU Gradebook is an application for teachers for tracking student grades. It supports several grading styles, including American (A, B, C, D, F) and European numeric scales. (doc)

GNU Ghostscript

Ghostscript is an interpreter for the PostScript language and the PDF file format. It also includes a C library that implements the graphics capabilities of the PostScript language. It supports a wide variety of output file formats and printers. (doc)

GIFT

The GNU Image-Finding Tool (GIFT) is a Content Based Image Retrieval System. It uses the content of images to perform queries on a collection, enabling you to query by example. Also, a tool to index whole directory trees is included. (doc)

GIMP

GIMP is an application for image manipulation tasks such as photo retouching, composition and authoring. It supports all common image formats as well as specialized ones. It features a highly customizable interface that is extensible via a plugin system. (doc)

Gleem

GNU gleem is a library for Java and C++ offering a set of 3D widgets that support direct user interaction with a 3D scene. These widgets are used to translate along a line, translate in a plane, and do three-dimensional translation and rotation. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

GLib

See gnome. (doc)

Global

GLOBAL is a source code tagging system that functions in the same way across a wide array of environments, such as different text editors, shells and web browsers. The resulting tags are useful for quickly moving around in a large, deeply nested project. (doc)

GLPK

GLPK is a C library for solving large-scale linear programming (LP), mixed integer programming (MIP), and other related problems. It supports the GNU MathProg modeling language, a subset of the AMPL language, and features a translator for the language. In addition to the C library, a stand-alone LP/MIP solver is included in the package. (doc)

Gmediaserver

GMediaServer is a UPnP-compatible media server. It serves audio and video files to network-connected media players via a command-line program that runs in the background. (doc)

GMP

GMP is a library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers and floating point numbers. The precision is only limited by the available memory. The library is highly optimized, with a design focus on execution speed. It is aimed at use in, for example, cryptography and computational algebra. (doc)

Gnash

Gnash is a free Flash movie player. It supports SWF version v7 and some of v8 and v9. It is possible to configure Gnash to use several different audio or video backends, ensuring good performance. (doc)

GNAT

See gcc. (doc)

GNATS

GNATS is a set of tools for tracking bugs and other user-reported software issues. It is completely open-ended in how its database may be queried, edited and maintained, featuring interfaces ranging from the command-line to Emacs, though the main means of interaction is via its web interface. It is also flexible enough to support user-made utilities. (doc)

Gnatsweb

See gnats. (doc)

GNOME

GNOME is the graphical desktop for GNU. It includes a wide variety of applications for browsing the web, editing text and images, creating documents and diagrams, playing media, scanning, and much more. (doc)

GNU C reference manual

This is a reference manual for the C programming language, as implemented by the GNU C Compiler (gcc). As a reference, it is not intended to be a tutorial of the language. Rather, it outlines all of the constructs of the language. Library functions are not included. (doc)

GNU-pw-mgr

This program is designed to make it easy to reconstruct difficult passwords when they are needed while limiting the risk of attack. The user of this program inputs a self-defined transformation of a web site URL and obtains the password and user name hint for that web site. (doc)

GNUbatch

GNUbatch is an advanced batch scheduling system. It executes computational jobs at specified dates and times or according to interdependencies. The jobs may be completed on any number of processors shared across a network. Full access-control of the jobs is supported. (doc)

Backgammon

The GNU backgammon application can be used for playing, analyzing and teaching the game. It has an advanced evaluation engine based on artificial neural networks suitable for both beginners and advanced players. In addition to a command-line interface, it also features an attractive, 3D representation of the playing board. (doc)

GNUbiff

GNUbiff is a program that checks for mail and notifies you when new messages arrive. It supports multiple mailboxes which may be accessed via a variety of methods such as POP3, IMAP, MH and mailfiles. Graphical notifications are provided with GTK and complete integration with GNOME is supported. (doc)

GNUbik

GNUbik is a puzzle game in which you must manipulate a cube to make each of its faces have a uniform color. The game is customizable, allowing you to set the size of the cube (the default is 3x3) or to change the colors. You may even apply photos to the faces instead of colors. The game is scriptable with Guile. (doc)

GNUcap

GNUcap is a circuit analysis package. It offers a general purpose circuit simulator and can perform DC and transient analyses, fourier analysis and AC analysis. The engine is designed to do true mixed-mode simulation. (doc)

GnuCash

GnuCash is personal and professional financial-accounting software. It can be used to track bank accounts, stocks, income and expenses, based on the double-entry accounting practice. It includes support for QIF/OFX/HBCI import and transaction matching. It also automates several tasks, such as financial calculations or scheduled transactions. (doc)

GNUCOMM

See sipwitch. (doc)

GnuDOS

GnuDOS is a set of programs designed to help new users of the GNU system in growing accustomed to the system, particularly users who might be coming from a DOS background. It consists of a file manager, a text editor and a form designer for the console as well as a core library for building similar utilities. (doc)

GNU Enterprise

GNU Enterprise supports enterprise planning. It includes an application server, common development library, an IDE for designing data forms, forms interface, navigator and menu system, and data reporting system. (doc)

GNUgo

GNU Go is a program that plays the game of Go, in which players place stones on a grid to form territory or capture other stones. While it can be played directly from the terminal, rendered in ASCII characters, it is also possible to play GNU Go with 3rd party graphical interfaces or even in Emacs. It supports the standard game storage format (SGF, Smart Game Format) and inter-process communication format (GMP, Go Modem Protocol). (doc)

GNU Interactive Tools

The GNU Interactive Tools are a set of lightweight, interactive command-line tools. They include an extensible, orthodox (two-pane) file manager, an ASCII/hex file viewer, and a process viewer/killer. The package also includes some related utilities and scripts, such as a tool to decompress any type of archive file. All the tools can be enhanced and extended through their configuration files to perform new commands. (doc)

GNUjump

GNUjump is a simple, yet addictive game in which you must jump from platform to platform to avoid falling, while the platforms drop at faster rates the higher you go. The game features multiplayer, unlimited FPS, smooth floor falling, themeable graphics and sounds, and replays. (doc)

GNUlib

Gnulib is a central location for common infrastructure needed by GNU packages. It provides a wide variety of functionality, e.g., portability across many systems, working with Unicode strings, cryptographic computation, and much more. The code is intended to be shared at the level of source files, rather than being a standalone library that is distributed, built, and installed. The included gnulib-tool script helps with using Gnulib code in other packages. Gnulib also includes copies of licensing and maintenance-related files, for convenience. (doc)

Mach

See hurd. (doc)

GNUmed

GNUmed is Electronic Medical Record software, supporting paperless medical practices. Several interface languages are supported. (doc)

GNUmeric

GNUmeric is a GNU spreadsheet application, running under GNOME. It is interoperable with other spreadsheet applications. It has a vast array of features beyond typical spreadsheet functionality, such as support for linear and non-linear solvers, statistical analysis, and telecommunication engineering. (doc)

GNUmp3d

GNUMP3d is a streaming server for MP3s and OGG vorbis audio files, movies, and other media formats. It is small and self-contained, presenting a simple, themeable HTML interface. The audio files can then be played in any player that supports streaming over HTTP. (doc)

GNUnited Nations

GNUnited Nations is a build system for translating the web site at www.gnu.org. It works via template files, which allow changes to be merged into individual translations of a page, from which the final HTML is generated. In effect, this helps to keep all translations of a page up-to-date. (doc)

GNUnet

GNUnet is a framework for secure peer-to-peer networking that does not use any centralized or otherwise trusted services. Our high-level goal is to provide a strong free software foundation for a global network that provides security and privacy. GNUnet started with an idea for anonymous censorship-resistant file-sharing, but has grown to incorporate other applications as well as many generic building blocks for secure networking applications. In particular, GNUnet now includes the GNU Name System, a privacy-preserving, decentralized public key infrastructure. (doc)

GnuPG

The GNU Privacy Guard is a complete implementation of the OpenPGP standard. It is used to encrypt and sign data and communication. It features powerful key management and the ability to access public key servers. It includes several libraries: libassuan (IPC between GnuPG components), libgpg-error (centralized GnuPG error values), and libskba (working with X.509 certificates and CMS data). (doc)

GNUpod

GNUpod is a collection of scripts for using iPods with GNU/Linux and other operating systems. It can be used for transferring music and cover art, searching files, removing files, editing tags, creating playlists and more. (doc)

GNUprologjava

GNU Prolog for Java is an implementation of the ISO Prolog standard as a Java library (gnu.prolog). Thus, with it you can use Prolog from within Java programs. (doc)

Radio

GNU Radio is a toolkit for implementing software radios. Its signal processing blocks can be combined with low-cost external RF hardware to create software-defined radios. Without hardware, it can be used for simulation. Radio applications are primarily written in Python, with C++ support for performance-critical processing tasks. (doc)

Robots

GNU Robots is a game in which you program a robot to explore a world full of enemies that can hurt it, obstacles and food to be eaten. The goal of the game is to stay alive and collect prizes. The robot program conveniently may be written in a plain text file in the Scheme programming language. (doc)

GNUschool

GNUschool is a web application for students, teachers and school administrators. With it, teachers can create tests for the students to take online, give feedback and assign grades. School administrators can use it to monitor student attendance and edit student information. (doc)

GNUshogi

GNU Shogi is a program that plays the game Shogi (Japanese Chess). It also includes a graphical interface to the game. While similar to standard chess, this variant is far more complicated. (doc)

GNUsound

GNUsound is a multitrack sound editor for GNOME 1 and 2. It can read and write many audio file formats such as WAV, MP3 and FLAC. It can work with the OSS, ALSA or JACK audio backends. It provides many different built-in audio processing modules, such as fades in/out, delay, and filters. GLADSPA plugins may also be used for further processing. (doc)

GNUspool

GNUspool is an advanced print spooling system. In addition to the functionality of the standard printing system, it provides post-processing capabilities, form type handling, alignment pages and other features. It functions transparently on a network, sharing jobs on any host with printers on any other host. Several user different interfaces are available. (doc)

GNUstep

GNUstep is a fully-functional object-oriented development environment; a number of user applications are also included. It closely follows the Cocoa APIs but is platform-independent. (doc)

GnuTLS

GnuTLS is a secure communications library implementing the SSL, TLS and DTLS protocols. It is provided in the form of a C library to support the protocols, as well as to parse and write X.5009, PKCS 12, OpenPGP and other required structures. (doc)

GNUtrition

GNUtrition is a free nutrition analysis software. With it, one can keep track of the nutritional information of food. The software uses the Nutrient Database of Standard Reference of the US Department of Agriculture as a source of food nutrient information. (doc)

GNUzilla

See icecat. (doc)

Goptical

Goptical is a library for optical design and simulation in C++. It provides model classes for optical components, surfaces and materials. With it, one can simulate building an optical system by creating and placing optical components in a 3d space, and visualize light propagating through the system. (doc)

Gorm

See gnustep. (doc)

Gpaint

GNU Paint is a simple, easy-to-use paint program for the GNOME environment. It supports drawing freehand as well as basic shapes and text. It features cut-and-paste for irregular regions or polygons. (doc)

Gperf

gperf is a perfect hash function generator. For a given list of strings, it produces a hash function and hash table in C or C++ code. That the hash function is perfect means that no collisions can exist and that look-ups can be made by single string comparisons. (doc)

Gprolog

GNU Prolog is a standards-compliant Prolog compiler with constraint solving over finite domains. It accepts Prolog+ constraint programs and produces a compiled, native binary which can function in a stand-alone manner. It also features an interactive interpreter. (doc)

phpGrabComics

phpGrabComics is a program that fetches and saves comic strips from the web. It features both a server, which can download strips from different sources, and ports, tiny applications which get the list of available comics from the server. (doc)

Greg

GNU Greg is a framework for testing programs and libraries. It provides a single front-end for all tests of a package as well as a simple framework for writing the tests. It is loaded as a Guile module into any software with an embedded Guile interpreter. It also provides a compiled module that may be dynamically linked into Guile to permit testing external programs. (doc)

Grep

grep is a tool for finding text inside files. Text is found by matching a pattern provided by the user in one or many files. The pattern may be provided as a basic or extended regular expression, or as fixed strings. By default, the matching text is simply printed to the screen, however the output can be greatly customized to include, for example, line numbers. GNU grep offers many extensions over the standard utility, including, for example, recursive directory searching. (doc)

Gretl

GNU Gretl is a package for performing statistical computations for econometrics. It consists of both a command-line client and a graphical client. It features a variety of estimators such as least-squares and maximum likelihood; several time series methods such as ARIMA and GARCH; limited dependent variables such as logit, probit and tobit; and a powerful scripting language. It can output models as LaTeX files. It also may be linked to GNU R and GNU Octave for further data analysis. (doc)

Groff

Groff is a typesetting package that reads plain text and produces formatted output based on formatting commands contained within the text. It is usually the formatter of man documentation pages. (doc)

GRUB

GRUB is a multiboot bootloader. It is used for initially loading the kernel of an operating system and then transferring control to it. The kernel then goes on to load the rest of the operating system. As a multiboot bootloader, GRUB handles the presence of multiple operating systems installed on the same computer; upon booting the computer, the user is presented with a menu to select one of the installed operating systems. (doc)

Gsasl

GNU SASL is an implementation of the Simple Authentication and Security Layer framework. On network servers such as IMAP or SMTP servers, SASL is used to handle client/server authentication. This package contains both a library and a command-line tool to access the library. (doc)

Gsegrafix

GSEGrafix is an application which produces high-quality graphical plots for science and engineering. Plots are specified via simple ASCII parameter files and data files and are presented in an anti-aliased GNOME canvas. The program supports rectangular two-dimensional plots, histograms, polar-axis plots and three-dimensional plots. Plots can be printed or saved to BMP, JPEG or PNG image formats. (doc)

GNU Scientific Library

The GNU Scientific Library is a library for numerical analysis in C and C++. It includes a wide range of mathematical routines, with over 1000 functions in total. Subject areas covered by the library include: differential equations, linear algebra, Fast Fourier Transforms and random numbers. (doc)

GNU Source Release Collection

GSRC supports installing the latest releases of GNU packages on an existing system. New versions are installed in a separate place so as not to interfere with the system versions. The goal is to make it easier to work with the original, upstream, GNU sources, and perhaps help with development and testing. (doc)

Generic Security Service

The GNU Generic Security Service provides a free implementation of the GSS-API specification. It provides a generic application programming interface for programs to access security services. Security services present a generic, GSS interface, with which the calling application interacts via this library, freeing the application developer from needing to know about the underlying security implementation. (doc)

GTick

GTick is a metronome application. It supports different meters, such as 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, etc. It also supports a wide range of speeds, from 10 to 1000 BPM. It provides a GTK+-based user interface and it can use both OSS and ALSA as the audio back-end. (doc)

GTK+

See gnome. (doc)

Gtypist

GNU Typist is a universal typing tutor. It can be used to learn and practice touch-typing. Several tutorials are included; in addition to tutorials for the standard QWERTY layout, there are also tutorials for the alternative layouts Dvorak and Colemak, as well as for the numpad. Tutorials are primarily in English, however some in other languages are provided. (doc)

Guile

Guile is the GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions, the official extension language of the GNU system. It is an implementation of the Scheme language which can be easily embedded in other applications to provide a convenient means of extending the functionality of the application without requiring the source code to be rewritten. (doc)

Guile-dbi

guile-dbi is a library for Guile that provides a convenient interface to SQL databases. Database programming with guile-dbi is generic in that the same programming interface is presented regardless of which database system is used. It currently supports MySQL, Postgres and SQLite3. (doc)

Guile-gnome

Includes guile-clutter, guile-gnome-gstreamer, guile-gnome-platform (GNOME developer libraries), and guile-gtksourceview. (doc)

Guile-Ncurses

guile-ncurses provides Guile language bindings for the ncurses library. (doc)

Guile-opengl

Guile-OpenGL is a library for Guile that provides bindings to the OpenGL graphics API. (doc)

Guile-SDL

Guile-SDL is a set of bindings to the Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL). With them, Guile programmers can have easy access to graphics, sound and device input (keyboards, joysticks, mice, etc.). (doc)

Guix

GNU Guix is a functional package manager for the GNU system, and is also a distribution thereof. It includes a virtual machine image. Besides the usual package management features, it also supports transactional upgrades and roll-backs, per-user profiles, and much more. It is based on the Nix package manager. (doc)

Gurgle

GURGLE produces database report listings from record and field information from a file. It uses the report to produce (La)TeX-formatted output, plain ASCII text, troff, PostScript, HTML, XML, or any other ASCII-based output format. It may be used for producing large bodies of text where small parts of the text are substituted with information from the database. GURGLE supports GNUSQL, PostgreSQL, MySQL and CA-Ingres databases. (doc)

Gv

GNU GV is a graphical user interface to the Ghostscript interpreter. With it, one can view and navigate through PostScript and PDF documents in X Windows. (doc)

GVPE

The GNU Virtual Private Ethernet creates a virtual network with multiple nodes using a variety of transport protocols. It works by creating encrypted host-to-host tunnels between multiple endpoints. (doc)

Gxmessage

GNU gxmessage is a program that pops up dialog windows, which display a message to the user and waits for their action. The program then exits with an exit code corresponding to the response. (doc)

Gzip

GNU Gzip provides data compression and decompression utilities; the typical extension is .gz. Unlike the zip format, it compresses a single file; as a result, it is often used in conjunction with tar, resulting in .tar.gz or .tgz, etc. (doc)

HaliFAX

HaliFAX supports sending and viewing faxes, including a wrapper around the lpr command. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

Health

GNU Health is a free medical software system, including support for electronic medical records (EMR), a hospital information system (HIS), and health information system. It supports both Spanish and English interfaces. It has been adopted by the United Nations University for implementation and training, and several hospitals and health ministries around the world. (doc)

Hello

GNU Hello prints the message Hello, world! and then exits. It serves as an example of standard GNU coding practices. As such, it supports command-line arguments, multiple languages, and so on. (doc)

Help2man

GNU help2man is a program that converts the output of standard --help and --version command-line arguments into a manual page automatically. (doc)

Hp2xx

GNU hp2xx converts vector graphics specified in the HP-GL plotter language into a variety of graphical formats, both vector- and raster-based, including EPS, PCX, IMG, and formats intended for use within TeX documents. (doc)

Httptunnel

GNU httptunnel creates a bidirectional data path tunneled in HTTP requests. This allows users behind firewalls to send and receive data that would otherwise be blocked, such as telnet or ssh connections. (doc)

Hurd

The Hurd is the kernel for the GNU system, a replacement and augmentation of standard Unix kernels. It is a collection of protocols for system interaction (file systems, networks, authentication), and servers implementing them. Subprojects include Mach, the microkernel on which the Hurd is based, which provides a basic inter-process communication mechanism, and MIG, an interface generator for Mach. (doc)

Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a programmable information and hypertext system for GNU Emacs. It allows hypertext to be embedded within documents, mail messages and news articles. This permits mouse-based control of the displayed information. (doc)

Icecat

IceCat is the GNU version of the Firefox browser. It is entirely free software, which does not recommend non-free plugins and addons. It also features built-in privacy-protecting features. (doc)

Idutils

The GNU idutils package includes tools to create an index of textual tokens used in a list of file names and then to query that index. Thus, it allows the user to, for example, find all the uses of a particular function in a large programming project. In addition to handling textual tokens, it can also handle numeric constants and the contents of character strings. (doc)

Ignuit

Ignuit is a tool for aiding in the memorization of new information based on the Leitner flashcard system. In this system, new cards are studied with decreasing frequency as they grow older, unless you encounter difficulty memorizing them, after which you encounter them more often. Cards can include embedded audio, images and mathematical formulae and a card collection can be exported to several formats. (doc)

Indent

Indent is a program that makes source code easier to read by reformatting it in a consistent style. It can change the style to one of several different styles such as GNU, BSD or K&R. It has some flexibility to deal with incomplete or malformed syntax. GNU indent offers several extensions over the standard utility. (doc)

Inetutils

Inetutils is a collection of common network programs, such as an ftp client and server, a telnet client and server, and an rsh client and server. (doc)

Inklingreader

GNU InklingReader is a free software package to support the Wacom Inkling device, including data conversion to various free formats, basic editing features, and an Inkscape pluging. (doc)

Intlfonts

GNU intlfonts contains free X11 fonts in the BDF and TrueType formats. They notably cover a large number of characters from different writing systems: European, Asian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Ethiopic and others. (doc)

JACAL

GNU JACAL is an interactive symbolic mathematics program based on Scheme. It manipulate and simplify a range of mathematical expressions such as equations, scalars, vectors, and matrices. (doc)

Java-getopt

java-getopt provides a Java port of the GNU getopt function from glibc. It supports parsing both long and short command-line arguments in a flexible manner, which is completely compatible with the C version. (doc)

Jel

GNU JEL is a library that lets a program accept user-defined expressions to be entered and evaluated at runtime. In fact, the expressions are compiled by JEL to Java bytecode to avoid the performance penalty of adding interpreted expressions to an already-interpreted language. (doc)

Jwhois

GNU jwhois is a client for the WHOIS protocol, which allows you to query the owner of a domain name. The program uses an extensible configuration file to determine the most appropriate server to query and, upon success displays the result to the user, otherwise it can optionally redirect the query to another server. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

Kawa

GNU Kawa is an implementation of the Scheme programming language that is built on top of the Java platform. It is thus conveniently integrated with Java and benefits from this by having a compiler, optional static typing, and so on. Kawa also serves as a framework for implementing other programming languages on the Java platform. Included in Kawa is qexo, a partial implementation of XQuery in Java. (doc)

Leg

GNU Leg is a set of libraries for game engines and game development. In addition to the libraries, it also includes resource editors designed to make game creation easier. The package is designed to be generic and modular, supporting many different styles of games. (doc)

Less

GNU less is a pager, a program that allows you to view large amounts of text in page-sized chunks. Unlike traditional pagers, it allows both backwards and forwards movement through the document. It also does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so it starts faster than most text editors. (doc)

GNU C Library

The GNU C Library is the standard C library of the GNU system. It defines the system calls and other basic functionality necessary to write programs in the C language. It handles low-level functionality that communicates with the kernel, such as process and file management, as well as higher-level functionality such as string manipulation or command-line argument handling. (doc)

Libcdio

The GNU Compact Disc Input and Control Library (libcdio) is a library for CD-ROM and CD image file access. It allows the developer to add CD access to an application without having to worry about the OS- and device-dependent properties of CD-ROM or the specific details of CD image formats. It includes pycdio, a Python interface to libcdio, and libcdio-paranoia, a library providing jitter-free and error-free audio extraction from CDs. (doc)

Libdbh

libdbh provides disk-based hash tables, providing quick lookup of key-value pairs. While its usage is similar in general to that of (G)DBM, it has a different design supporting advanced, atypical usage. (doc)

Libextractor

GNU libextractor is a library for extracting metadata from files. It supports a very large number of file formats, including audio files, document files, and archive files. Each file format is implemented as a plugin, so new formats can be added easily. The package also contains a command-line tool to extract metadata from a file and print the results. (doc)

Libgcrypt

Libgcrypt is a general-purpose cryptographic library. It provides the standard cryptographic building blocks such as symmetric ciphers, hash algorithms, public key algorithms, large integer functions and random number generation. (doc)

Libiconv

libiconv provides an implementation of the iconv function for systems that lack it. iconv is used to convert between character encodings in a program. It supports a wide variety of different encodings. (doc)

Libidn

libidn is a library implementing of the Stringprep, Punycode and IDNA specifications. These are used to encode and decode internationalized domain names. It includes native C, C# and Java libraries. (doc)

Libmatheval

GNU libmatheval is a library to parse and evaluate symbolic expressions input by the user as text. It can be loaded from both C and Fortran. The interpreter is flexible, supporting any number of variables of arbitrary names, decimal and symbolic constants, basic unary and binary operators, and elementary mathematical functions. It can also compute symbolic derivatives and output expressions to strings. (doc)

Libmicrohttpd

GNU libmicrohttpd is a small, embeddable HTTP server implemented as a C library. It makes it easy to run an HTTP server as part of another application. The library is fully HTTP 1.1 compliant. It can listen on multiple ports, supports four different threading models, and supports IPv6. It also features security features such as basic and digest authentication and support for SSL3 and TLS. (doc)

Librejs

LibreJS is an add-on for GNU Icecat and other Firefox-based browsers. It detects non-trivial and non-free JavaScript code from being loaded without your consent when you browse the web. JavaScript code that is free or trivial is allowed to be loaded. (doc)

Libsigsegv

GNU libsigsegv is a library to handle page faults, which occur when a program tries to access an unavailable region of memory, in user mode. By catching and handling page faults, the program can implement pageable virtual memory, stack overflow handlers, and so on. (doc)

Libtasn1

GNU libtasn1 is a library implementing the ASN.1 notation. It is used for transmitting machine-neutral encodings of data objects in computer networking, allowing for formal validation of data according to some specifications. (doc)

Libtool

GNU Libtool helps in the creation and use of shared libraries, by presenting a single consistent, portable interface that hides the usual complexity of working with shared libraries across platforms. (doc)

Libunistring

GNU libunistring is a library providing functions to manipulate Unicode strings and for manipulating C strings according to the Unicode standard. (doc)

Libxmi

GNU libxmi is a library for rasterizing 2D vector graphics for C and C++. It supports drawing 2D primitives into a user-supplied matrix of pixels. It also supports the specification of sophisticated line styles such as multi-colored dashed patterns. Filling and texturing polygons is also supported. (doc)

Lightning

GNU Lightning is a library that generates assembly language code at run-time. Thus, it is useful in creating Just-In-Time compilers. It abstracts over the target CPU by exposing a standardized RISC instruction set to the clients. (doc)

Lilypond

GNU LilyPond is a music typesetter, which produces high-quality sheet music. Music is input in a text file containing control sequences which are interpreted by LilyPond to produce the final document. It is extendable with Guile. (doc)

Lims

GNU LIMS is a laboratory information management system. It is used for managing a scientific laboratory of any field. It consists of a set of modules for the Tryton enterprise management framework, so it is flexible to the specific needs of the laboratory. For example, the system includes modules for sample management, lab equipment integration, accounting and stock management. (doc)

Linux-libre

GNU Linux-Libre is a free (as in freedom) variant of the Linux kernel. It has been modified to remove all non-free binary blobs. (doc)

Liquid War 6

GNU Liquid War 6 is a fast-paced, unique action game. Each player controls a blob of liquid with the goal of conquering the entire map. It has 13 levels by default and over 100 more with a bonus pack; new levels can be easily created using simple image files. (doc)

Lispintro

See emacs. (doc)

Lrzsz

GNU lrzsz is a communication package supporting the XMODEM, YMODEM and ZMODEM file transfer protocols. (doc)

Lsh

GNU lsh is a free implementation of the SSH version 2 protocol. It is used to create a secure line of communication between two computers, providing shell access to the server system from the client. It provides both the server daemon and the client application, as well as tools for manipulating key files. (doc)

M4

GNU M4 is an implementation of the M4 macro language, which features some extensions over other implementations, some of which are required by GNU Autoconf. It is used as a macro processor, which means it processes text, expanding macros as it encounters them. It also has some built-in functions, for example to run shell commands or to do arithmetic. (doc)

MAC Changer

GNU MAC Changer is a utility for viewing and changing MAC addresses of networking devices. New addresses may be set explicitly or randomly. They can include MAC addresses of the same or other hardware vendors or, more generally, MAC addresses of the same category of hardware. (doc)

Mailman

GNU Mailman is software for managing email discussion and mailing lists. Both users and administrators generally perform their actions in a web interface, although email and command-line interfaces are also provided. The system features built-in archiving, automatic bounce processing, content filtering, digest delivery, and more. (doc)

Mailutils

GNU Mailutils is a collection of programs for managing, viewing and processing electronic mail. It contains both utilities and server daemons and all operate in a protocol-agnostic way. The underlying libraries are also available, simplifying the addition of mail capabilities to new software. (doc)

Make

Make is a program that is used to control the production of executables or other files from their source files. The process is controlled from a Makefile, in which the developer specifies how each file is generated from its source. It has powerful dependency resolution and the ability to determine when files have to be regenerated after their sources change. GNU make offers many powerful extensions over the standard utility. (doc)

MARST

GNU MARST is an Algol-to-C translator. The package consists of the translator itself, a library that contains the necessary Algol 60 procedures, and a converter that converts existing Algol 60 programs from other representations to the MARST representation. (doc)

Maverik

GNU MAVERIK is a development toolkit that supports 3D virtual environments and interaction with those environments. It sits on top of a low-level rendering engine that uses OpenGL or Mesa, and provides mechanisms to render different kinds of objects, to manage environments and to provide support for 3D interaction. (doc)

Midnight Commander

GNU Midnight Commander is a command-line file manager laid out in a common two-pane format. In addition to standard file management tasks such as copying and moving, Midnight Commander also supports viewing the contents of RPM package files and other archives and managing files on other computers via FTP or FISH. It also includes a powerful text editor for opening text files. (doc)

Mcron

GNU Mcron is a complete replacement for Vixie cron. It is used to run tasks on a schedule, such as every hour or every Monday. Mcron is written in Guile, so its configuration can be written in Scheme; the original cron format is also supported. (doc)

MCSim

GNU MCSim is a package to perform simulations. It supports statistical or deterministic simulation models via Monte Carlo stochastic simulations or dynamic, ODE-based simulations. It also can do Bayesian inference through Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. (doc)

MIX Development Kit

GNU MDK is the Mix Development Kit, an emulation of the pedagogical computer MIX and its assembly language MIXAL. MIX has a virtual CPU with standard features such as registers, memory cells, an overflow toggle, comparison flags, input-output devices, and a set of binary instructions. The package includes a compiler, a virtual machine, a GUI for the virtual machine, and more. (doc)

Mediagoblin

GNU MediaGoblin is a free media publishing platform. It runs in a federalized manner, freeing the user from centralized web services. It supports pictures, videos and audio. (doc)

Melting

GNU MELTING computes the enthalpy, entropy and melting temperature of helix-coil transitions of a nucleic acid duplex. (doc)

Metahtml

GNU MetaHTML is a server-side programming language designed for the World Wide Web. It has a syntax that is similar to HTML and Lisp. It provides a large function library, including support for sockets, image creation and connections to other programs. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

Mifluz

GNU mifluz is a C++ library to store a full-text inverted index. It stores the occurrences of words in a set of texts in such a way that they can later be searched. Upon searching for a word, the index returns the list of documents which contain that word. (doc)

Mig

See hurd. (doc)

Miscfiles

GNU Miscfiles is a collection of common data files. They include, for example, country abbreviations, names and capital cities; currency abbreviations and names; a Best Current Practices index; a map of the ASCII character set; a list of three-letter airport codes; and an English word list. (doc)

MIT/GNU Scheme

GNU/MIT Scheme is an implementation of the Scheme programming language. It provides an interpreter, a compiler and a debugger. It also features an integrated Emacs-like editor and a large runtime library. (doc)

Moe

GNU Moe is a powerful-but-simple-to-use text editor. It works in a modeless manner, and features an intuitive set of key-bindings that assign a degree of severity to each key; for example, key combinations with the Alt key are for harmless commands like cursor movements while combinations with the Control key are for commands that will modify the text. Moe features multiple windows, unlimited undo/redo, unlimited line length, global search and replace, and more. (doc)

Motti

GNU Motti is a simple multiplayer strategy game played in a terminal. The objective of the game is to conquer enemy capitals by occupying and encircling territory. (doc)

Mpc

GNU MPC is a C library for performing arithmetic on complex numbers. It supports arbitrarily high precision and it correctly rounds the results. (doc)

Mpfr

GNU MPFR is a C library for performing multiple-precision, floating-point computations with correct rounding. (doc)

Mpria

GNU MPRIA is a C library for performing rational arithmetic computations with arbitrarily high precision. It builds on the GMP library. (doc)

Mtools

GNU Mtools is a set of utilities for accessing MS-DOS disks from a GNU or Unix system. It supports long file names and multiple disk formats. It also supports some FAT-specific features such as volume labels and FAT-specific file attributes. (doc)

Nana

GNU Nana is a framework for adding assertion checking, logging and performance measurement to C and C++ programs. Operations can either be implemented directly in C or by generating debugger commands. Checking and logging features can be enabled or disabled at compile or runtime. (doc)

Nano

GNU Nano is a small and simple text editor. In addition to basic editing, it supports interactive search and replace, go to line and column number, auto-indentation and more. (doc)

Nano-archimedes

nano-archimedes is a free package for the simulation of quantum systems. It is based on the Wigner equation, a formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of a phase-space which is mathematically equivalent to the Schroedinger equation. nano-archimedes implements the Wigner Monte Carlo method. The code can be easily extended to density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent ab-initio simulations. (doc)

Ncurses

GNU Ncurses is a library which provides capabilities to write text to a terminal in a terminal-independent manner. It supports pads and color as well as multiple highlights and forms characters. It is typically used to implement user interfaces for command-line applications. The accompanying ncursesw library provides wide character support. (doc)

Nettle

GNU Nettle is a low-level cryptographic library. It is designed to fit in easily in almost any context. It can be easily included in cryptographic toolkits for object-oriented languages or in applications themselves. (doc)

Ocrad

GNU Ocrad is an optical character recognition program based on a feature extraction method. It can read images in PBM, PGM or PPM formats and it produces text in 8-bit or UTF-8 formats. (doc)

Octave

GNU Octave is a high-level interpreted language that is specialized for numerical computations. It can be used for both linear and non-linear applications and it provides great support for visualizing results. Work may be performed both at the interactive command-line as well as via script files. (doc)

Oleo

GNU Oleo is a spreadsheet program. It offers both a terminal interface and a LessTif-based graphical user interface. It features familiar, Emacs-like keybindings. It supports many standard spreadsheet features such as macros and functions. (doc)

OrgaDoc

GNU OrgaDoc is a system for easily maintaining a pool of documents between computers. Documents are synchronized by rsync or unison; no database or HTTP server is required. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

oSIP

GNU oSIP is an implementation of the SIP protocol. It is used to provide multimedia and telecom software developers with an interface to initiate and control SIP sessions. (doc)

Panorama

GNU Panorama is a framework for producing 3D graphics. It can perform various effects, such as focal blur, arbitrary light sources, bump mapping, and several lighting effects. (doc)

Parallel

GNU Parallel is a tool for executing shell jobs in parallel using one or more computers. Jobs can consist of single commands or of scripts and they are executed on lists of files, hosts, users or other items. (doc)

Parted

GNU Parted is a package for creating and manipulating disk partition tables. It includes a library and command-line utility. (doc)

Patch

Patch is a program that applies changes to files based on differences laid out as by the program diff. The changes may be applied to one or more files depending on the contents of the diff file. It accepts several different diff formats. It may also be used to revert previously applied differences. (doc)

Paxutils

GNU paxutils is a suite of archive utilities. It contains versions of the cpio, tar and pax archivers. (doc)

Pcb

GNU PCB is an interactive tool for editing printed circuit board layouts. It features a rats-nest implementation, schematic/netlist import, and design rule checking. It also includes an autorouter and a trace optimizer; and it can produce photorealistic and design review images. (doc)

Pem

GNU Pem is a simple tool for tracking personal income and expenses. It operates from the command line and it stores its data in a basic text format in your home directory. It can easily print reports of your spending on different expenses via a basic search feature. (doc)

Pexec

GNU pexec is a program for executing commands or shell scripts in parallel on one or many computers. As it works, execution parameters such as the environment variables or standard input, output and error can be varied. (doc)

Pies

GNU pies is a program that supervises the invocation and execution of other programs. It reads the list of programs to be started from its configuration file, executes them, and then monitors their status, re-executing them as necessary. (doc)

Plotutils

GNU Plotutils is a package for plotting and working with 2D graphics. It includes a library, libplot, for C and C++ for exporting 2D vector graphics in many file formats. It also has support for 2D vector graphics animations. The package also contains command-line programs for plotting scientific data. (doc)

Proxyknife

GNU proxyknife is a tool to validate free proxies from behind a firewall. The validation process is fully customizable to meet your needs. (doc)

PSPP

GNU PSPP is a statistical analysis program. It can perform descriptive statistics, T-tests, linear regression and non-parametric tests. It features both a graphical interface as well as command-line input. PSPP is designed to interoperate with Gnumeric, LibreOffice and OpenOffice. Data can be imported from spreadsheets, text files and database sources and it can be output in text, PostScript, PDF or HTML. (doc)

Psychosynth

GNU Psychosynth is an interactive, modular soft-synth. It emulates a 3D surface on which modules are placed and manipulated, generating and altering music. Psychosynth consists of a C++ library, a 3D interface and a command-line interface. (doc)

Pth

GNU Pth is a portable library providing non-preemptive, priority-based scheduling for multiple execution threads. Each thread has its own program-counter, run-time stack, signal mask and errno variable. Threads are scheduled in a cooperative way, rather than in the standard preemptive way, such that they are managed according to priority and events. However, Pth also features emulation of POSIX.1c threads (pthreads) for backwards compatibility. (doc)

Pyconfigure

GNU pyconfigure provides template files for easily implementing standards-compliant configure scripts and Makefiles for Python-based packages. It is designed to work alongside existing Python setup scripts, making it easy to integrate into existing projects. Powerful and flexible Autoconf macros are available, allowing you to easily make adjustments to the installation procedure based on the capabilities of the target computer. (doc)

Qexo

See kawa. (doc)

R

R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It provides a variety of statistical techniques, such as linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification and clustering. It also provides robust support for producing publication-quality data plots. A large amount of 3rd-party packages are available, greatly increasing its breadth and scope. (doc)

Radius

Radius is a server for remote user authentication and accounting. It is generally useful for networks that require a centralized authentication and accounting services for its workstations. Authentication can be performed in a variety of ways, such as via /etc/passwd or credentials stored in an SQL database. (doc)

RCS

RCS is the original Revision Control System. It works on a file-by-file basis, in contrast to subsequent version control systems such as CVS, Subversion, and Git. This can make it suitable for system administration files, for example, which are often inherently local to one machine. (doc)

Readline

The GNU readline library allows users to edit command lines as they are typed in. It can maintain a searchable history of previously entered commands, letting you easily recall, edit and re-enter past commands. It features both Emacs-like and vi-like keybindings, making its usage comfortable for anyone. (doc)

Recutils

GNU Recutils is a set of tools and libraries for creating and manipulating text-based, human-editable databases. Despite being text-based, databases created with Recutils carry all of the expected features such as unique fields, primary keys, time stamps and more. Many different field types are supported, as is encryption. (doc)

Reftex

GNU RefTex is a package for implementing labels, references, citations and indices in LaTeX documents. It works by wrapping around four LaTeX macros: label, ref, cite and index. It automates the common tasks that normally are required when using these macros. (doc)

Remotecontrol

GNU Remotecontrol is a web application for managing IP-enabled HVAC thermostats and other building automation devices. The application can read data from and write data to multiple such devices. (doc)

Rottlog

GNU Rot[t]log is a program for managing log files. It is used to automatically rotate out log files when they have reached a given size or according to a given schedule. It can also be used to automatically compress and archive such logs. Rot[t]log will mail reports of its activity to the system administrator. (doc)

Rpge

The GNU Role Playing Game Engine provides an engine for creating two-dimensional, graphical role-playing games, providing, for example, a sprite-tiling grid, sprite rendering, and event handling. (doc)

Rush

GNU Rush is a restricted user shell, for systems on which users are to be provided with only limited functionality or resources. Administrators set user rights via a configuration file which can be used to limit, for example, the commands that can be executed, CPU time, or virtual memory usage. (doc)

Sather

GNU Sather is an object-oriented programming language similar to Eiffel. It is designed to be simple, efficient, safe, and non-proprietary. It features garbage collection, statically-checked strong typing, multiple inheritance, parameterized classes and more. This package consists of a compiler, a class library, the language specification and programming manual, and a browser for displaying sources and directed graphs of class inheritance. (doc)

SCM

GNU SCM is an implementation of Scheme. This implementation includes Hobbit, a Scheme-to-C compiler, which can generate C files whose binaries can be dynamically or statically linked with a SCM executable. (doc)

Screen

GNU Screen is a terminal window manager that multiplexes a single terminal between several processes. The virtual terminals each provide features such as a scroll-back buffer and a copy-and-paste mechanism. Screen then manages the different virtual terminals, allowing you to easily switch between them, to detach them from the current session, or even splitting the view to show two terminals at once. (doc)

Sed

Sed is a non-interactive, text stream editor. It receives a text input from a file or from standard input and it then applies a series of text editing commands to the stream and prints its output to standard output. It is often used for substituting text patterns in a stream. The GNU implementation offers several extensions over the standard utility. (doc)

Serveez

GNU Serveez is a server framework providing the routines necessary to easily implement IP-based servers in your application. It demonstrates aspects of network programming in a portable manner, making it convenient for both simplifying the process of adding a server to your application or for learning about how network services work. Several example servers are provided already, such as an HTTP server and an IRC server. (doc)

Sharutils

GNU sharutils is a package for creating and manipulating shell archives that can be readily emailed. A shell archive is a file that can be processed by a Bourne-type shell to unpack the original collection of files. This package is mostly for compatibility and historical interest. (doc)

Shishi

GNU Shishi is a free implementation of the Kerberos 5 network security system. It is used to allow non-secure network nodes to communicate in a secure manner through client-server mutual authentication via tickets. (doc)

Shmm

GNU SHMM is a shared memory manager. It can read or write to shared memory. It also supports other commands such as locking or unlocking a block of shared memory identified by key and size. (doc)

Shtool

GNU shtool is a multipurpose shell tool. It can perform the functions of many different commands, in order to provide a single tool to distribute with a source distribution in order to ensure portability of shell scripts. For example, shtool can perform the jobs of the common commands install, mkdir or echo on systems that lack them. (doc)

Sipwitch

GNU SIP Witch is a peer-to-peer Voice-over-IP server that uses the SIP protocol. Calls can be made from behind NAT firewalls and without the need for a service provider. Its peer-to-peer design ensures that there is no central point for media intercept or capture and thus it can be used to construct a secure telephone system that operates over the public internet. (doc)

SLIB

GNU SLIB is a portable common library for the Scheme programming language. It supports a large variety of different Scheme implementations, offering them a framework for using packages of Scheme procedures and syntax. (doc)

Smalltalk

GNU Smalltalk is a free implementation of the Smalltalk language. It implements the ANSI standard for the language and also includes extra classes such as ones for networking and GUI programming. (doc)

Solfege

GNU Solfege is a program for practicing musical ear-training. With it, you can practice your recognition of various musical intervals and chords. It features a statistics overview so you can monitor your progress across several sessions. Solfege is also designed to be extensible so you can easily write your own lessons. (doc)

SpaceChart

GNU SpaceChart lets you view how the stars are distributed in three-dimensional space. It allows you, for example, to determine the distances between stars, to view them from any point of view, or to filter your view by spectral class and luminosity. (doc)

Speex

GNU Speex is a patent-free audio compression codec specially designed for speech. It is well-adapted to internet applications, such as VoIP. It features compression of different bands in the same bitstream, intensity stereo encoding, and voice activity detection. (doc)

Spell

Spell is a command-line spell-checking program. It reads through a text input and prints each misspelled word on a line of its own. It is implemented as a wrapper for GNU aspell or ispell. (doc)

Sqltutor

GNU Sqltutor is a web-based, interactive SQL tutorial. It features multiple tutorials available in different languages. The tutorials present a series of questions in a dialog and, when complete, they display a final evaluation including correct answers for wrong solutions. (doc)

Src-highlite

GNU source-highlight reads in a source code file and produces an output file in which the keywords are highlighted in different colors to designate their syntactic role. It supports over 150 different languages and it can output to 8 different formats, including HTML, LaTeX and ODF. It can also output to ANSI color escape sequences, so that highlighted source code can be seen in a terminal. (doc)

Stow

GNU Stow is a symlink manager. It generates symlinks to directories of data and makes them appear to be merged into the same directory. It is typically used for managing software packages installed from source, by letting you install them apart in distinct directories and then create symlinks to the files in a common directory such as /usr/local. (doc)

Stump

GNU STUMP is a robomoderator program for USENET newsgroups and mailing lists, featuring web-based moderation. It supports group moderation via multiple human moderators. It can also automatically reject non-conforming messages without human intervention. It includes a web interface. (doc)

Superopt

GNU Superopt is a function sequence generator for superoptimization. It uses an exhaustive generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction sequence for a given function. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

Swbis

Swbis is a software administration system specified by POSIX. It features network-transparent management of software packages for system administrators. For example, entire file system directories can be copied host-to-host across a network in a transparent manner. The package also features advanced tarball creation methods and integrity checking mechanisms. (doc)

Talkfilters

The GNU Talk Filters are programs that convert English text into stereotyped or otherwise humorous dialects. The filters are provided as a C library, so they can easily be integrated into other programs. (doc)

Tar

Tar provides the ability to create tar archives, as well as the ability to extract, update or list files in an existing archive. It is useful for combining many files into one larger file, while maintaining directory structure and file information such as permissions and creation/modification dates. GNU tar offers many extensions over the standard utility. (doc)

Termcap

GNU termcap is a library and a database that are used to enable the use of display terminals in a terminal-independent manner. The database describes the capabilities of many different display terminals. The library can then adapt generalized instructions given by a program to the specific capabilities of the display terminal as found in the database. (doc)

Termutils

The GNU Termutils package contains two programs, tput and tabs. tput is used in shell scripts to manipulate the terminal display, for example by clearing it or moving the cursor to a specific point, centering text or underlining text. tabs is used to specify and set hardware tab stops on terminals that support it. (doc)

Teseq

GNU Teseq is a program that analyzes files that contain control sequences. It converts the sequences that it encounters into a human-readable description of what actions those sequences perform. It can also translate its output back into machine-readable control sequences. (doc)

TeX for the Impatient

TeX for the Impatient is a ~350 page book on TeX, plain TeX and Eplain, written by Paul Abrahams, Kathryn Hargreaves and Karl Berry. This package is looking for a maintainer. (doc)

Texinfo

Texinfo is the official documentation format of the GNU project. It uses a single source file using explicit commands to produce a final document in any of several supported output formats, such as HTML or PDF. This package includes both the tools necessary to produce Info documents from their source and the command-line Info reader. The emphasis of the language is on expressing the content semantically, avoiding physical markup commands. (doc)

Texmacs

GNU TeXmacs is a text editing platform which is specialized for scientists. It is ideal for editing structured documents with different types of content. It has robust support for mathematical formulas and plots. It can also act as an interface to external mathematical programs such as R and Octave. TeXmacs is completely extensible via Guile. (doc)

Thales

GNU Thales provides macros for performing unit testing in Guile and for checking the stability of the public interface of your modules. (doc)

Time

Time is a command that displays information about the resources that a program uses. The display output of the program can be customized or saved to a file. (doc)

TRAMP

TRAMP is a GNU Emacs package that allows you to access files on remote machines as though they were local files. This includes editing files, performing version control tasks and modifying directory contents with dired. Access is performed via ssh, rsh, rlogin, telnet or other similar methods. (doc)

Trans-coord

See gnun. (doc)

Trueprint

GNU Trueprint translates C source code files as PostScript files. In addition to the basic source code output, it can also perform diff-marking, indentation counting, function and file indices and more. (doc)

Unifont

GNU Unifont is a bitmap font covering essentially all of Unicode's Basic Multilingual Plane. The package also includes utilities to ease adding new glyphs to the font. (doc)

Units

GNU Units converts numeric quantities between units of measure. It can handle scale changes through adaptive usage of standard scale prefixes (micro-, kilo-, etc.). It can also handle nonlinear conversions such as Fahrenheit to Celsius. Its interpreter is powerful enough to be used effectively as a scientific calculator. (doc)

UnRTF

GNU UnRTF converts text documents from RTF to HTML, LaTeX, or troff. It supports changes in font characteristics, underlines and strikethroughs, superscripts and subscripts, and more. (doc)

Userv

GNU Userv is a utility that allows one program to invoke another even when only limited trust exists between them. This prevents the need from having to first switch to a different user account to perform certain tasks. (doc)

UUCP

Taylor UUCP is the GNU implementation of UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy), a set of utilities for remotely transferring files, email and net news between computers. (doc)

Vc-dwim

The vc-dwim package contains two tools, vc-dwim and vc-chlog. vc-dwim is a tool that simplifies the task of maintaining a ChangeLog and using version control at the same time, for example by printing a reminder when a file change has been described in the ChangeLog but the file has not been added to the VC. vc-chlog scans changed files and generates standards-compliant ChangeLog entries based on the changes that it detects. (doc)

VCDImager

GNU VCDImager is a suite of programs for working with Video CDs and Super Video CDs. It can be used for authoring, disassembling and analyzing discs. It supports full playback control, segment play items, automatic padding of MPEG streams on the fly, and extraction of Video CDs into files. (doc)

Vera

V.E.R.A. (Virtual Entity of Relevant Acronyms) is a list of computing acronyms distributed as an info document. (doc)

Vmgen

See gforth. (doc)

WB

GNU WB is a disk-based, sorted, associative-array database package for C, Scheme, Java and C#. Rather than being implemented via hashing, WB uses B-trees, which are optimized for using the minimum number of disk operations. (doc)

Wdiff

GNU Wdiff is a front-end to the diff program from Diffutils that allows you to compare files on a word-by-word basis, where a word is anything between whitespace. (doc)

Websocket4j

GNU Websocket4j is a Java library implementing the WebSocket protocol. With it, you can build web applications that interact with Java applications. The library includes both server- and client-side functionality. (doc)

WebSTUMP

See stump. (doc)

Wget

GNU Wget is a non-interactive tool for fetching files using the HTTP, HTTPS and FTP protocols. It can resume interrupted downloads, use filename wild cards, supports proxies and cookies, and it can convert absolute links in downloaded documents to relative links. (doc)

Which

The which program finds the location of executables in PATH, with a variety of options. It is an alternative to the shell type built-in command. (doc)

XaoS

GNU XaoS is a graphical program that generates fractal patterns and allows you to zoom in and out of them infinitely in a fluid, continuous manner. It also includes tutorials that help to explain how fractals are built. It can generate many different fractal types such as the Mandelbrot set. (doc)

XBoard

GNU XBoard is a graphical board for all varieties of chess, including international chess, xiangqi (Chinese chess), shogi (Japanese chess) and Makruk. Several lesser-known variants are also supported. It presents a fully interactive graphical interface and it can load and save games in the Portable Game Notation. (doc)

Xlogmaster

GNU Xlogmaster is a program with a graphical user interface that lets you monitor your system logs in a convenient way. The logs can be displayed with filters for highlighting or hiding lines. The program can also be used to automate taking actions upon user-defined events. (doc)

Xnee

GNU Xnee is a program that can record, replay and distribute user actions in X11. It can be used to automate user interactions for testing or demonstration purposes. (doc)

Xorriso

GNU Xorriso is a tool for copying files to and from ISO 9660 Rock Ridge, a.k.a. Compact Disc File System, filesystems and it allows session-wise manipulation of them. It features a formatter and burner for CD, DVD and BD. It can operate on existing ISO images or it can create new ones. xorriso can then be used to copy files directly into or out of ISO files. (doc)

Zile

GNU Zile is a lightweight Emacs clone. It usage is similar to the default Emacs configuration, but it carries a much lighter feature set. (doc)

See info about this list at top.