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February 19

How do the British courts deal with crimes committed when they were illegal that have since become decriminalized?

Lets say for example, buggery. The Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalized buggery in certain circumstances (consensual, between two people, in private). Before that, it was a crime outright. If a man in 2015 admitted committing buggery in 1965, before the law changed, he is admitting to a crime. How do the British courts deal with such cases? Could he be retroactively punished because he did break the law at the time? I know this works the other way where things that become illegal can't be retroactively punished if they happened before the law changed.

ps: I'm not talking about buggery specifically, it is just an example of an illegal act that has since been decriminalized. Another example might be the decriminalized of copying DVDs for personal use.

. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CorbyLoon (talk • contribs) 12:21, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

It could well depend on some important factors, including but not limited to: (1) Does the law have a statute of limitations? (2) Is there a political reason or a "public will" to prosecute old crimes which are no longer crimes? (3) Other than confessing to it, is there any other evidence? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 12:39, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

First of all, there are three legal systems in the UK, that of England&Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Coming back to your question, IIRC, you can only be punished to the extent of the law at the time of the offence, and the current law. If the law has changed, then the lower punishment is imposed. However, if this is relating to someone you know (or even you), then you must ask a criminal lawyer to get a definitive answer. LongHairedFop (talk) 13:18, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Absolutely. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 15:14, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

In England and Wales the decision to prosecute a person for a crime is taken by the Crown Prosecution Service. The decision to prosecute people is not always clear cut, they regularly decline to prosecute people because it is not in the public interest. The scenario painted above would very likely fall into that category. Richard Avery (talk) 08:39, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

What about those currently serving a sentence, and then the "crime" is decriminalised. Is there a process to free them in England and Wales? --Lgriot (talk) 13:58, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

That is an interesting scenario but in practice I think it unlikely that a person would be imprisoned for a crime that would later be decriminalized. As a crime/action rises in its acceptance level to the point of being non-criminal, the offenders are similarly treated more leniently. Richard Avery (talk) 14:25, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

More high society and antiquarian names

Hey all, so continuing topic here, I've found that letting you lot at these names is the most efficient approach for this little project of mine it seems. These fellows have thankfully uncommon names and would have been active around 1955 to 1966 (and other years, but definitely active in this timeframe). Anyway, here's the names: Calmann, Crowson, Garabed, Abarbanell, Genova, Dr. Cahn, Shefton, Delaine, R.T. Clough, Lucie-Smith, H. Knill, E. Fischer, Guthrie. Oh, also a Prof. Bodkin active in 1953. I should have a second batch of names later today as well. Thanks again for everyone's help. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 14:16, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Shipping small item from Australia to the U.S.

I wanted to buy a small piece of costume jewelry from a store in Australia, and I was surprised to see that they charged $40 to ship to the United States. This was almost as much as the cost of the jewelry! Is it typically this expensive to ship something from Australia to the United States? I found several comments on Yahoo! Answers that shipping to Australia from the US doesn't cost this much, but I haven't found anything about going the other direction. Thanks! OldTimeNESter (talk) 14:39, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Not usually, no, unless it's heavy or you have to pay customs duties. I ship stuff to and receive stuff from Aus a few times a year and it's not all that pricey for me or my friend there (like under 20 USD). Also, was your price just now in AUD or USD? Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 14:45, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

According to the Australia Post website, a small parcel from Australia to the US should be A$10.50 for Sea Mail or A$14.10 for Air Mail {source - [1] click continue). You may be paying for insurance or for priority service. Hack (talk) 14:47, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

The store might also be trying rip you off. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 15:52, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Do tell! If it were me, I would buy it, take it home, package it myself, and take it to the post office to send it directly. A little more work, but not 40 dollars worth. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 16:34, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

I was checking Google to see what Aussie slang is for "ripoff". Apparently, it's... "ripoff". ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 16:36, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Australia Tax is the appropriate article for this. Also, I suspect the OP might be in the US. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 17:11, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

There isn't any real indication this relates to what's covered in Australia tax in any way. Also there's no real indication Australia Post is involved. It's hardly uncommon stores are only willing to ship items via some sort of courier instead of the local postal service for a variety of reasons (although the courier service could be offered by the postal service). In fact, many Australians have probably experienced this with US sellers. Believe me getting stuff sent to Australia (or New Zealand) can easily be just as expensive, if not more so. That's presuming you can even get them to ship. (Although at least Australia Post actually offer insurance for their standard airmail service or they do to US anyway as does NZ Post. USPS doesn't offer that on first class mail internationally, you need priority mail for that which can be expensive, at least for plebs.) Nil Einne (talk) 17:32, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

My apologies, that was in reply to Bugs's thing. And believe me, I know. Getting my friend's valentine sent to Aus was not cheap and priority would have been a ton. Though thanks to your input here I was able to send it without worrying about he gift being confiscated. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 18:35, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

The OP never said they were living in Australia. Nil Einne (talk) 17:32, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

If not, obviously that would complicate matters. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 19:11, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

There is the middle ground of just visiting. Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | ^{Say Shalom!} 30 Shevat 5775 19:18, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

It depends on the type of shipping. If all the vendor wants to do is get a parcel from Australia to the United States then yes, it can be done fairly cheaply. If the vendor wants to have package tracking (so you can see where your shipment is) and signature on delivery (so the vendor has proof you received it in the event of a dispute) then that costs more. ("Express Courier International Merchandise" seems to be the lowest parcel option that includes signature and tracking, and costs 56 AUD, or about 40 USD.) It's also possible that the vendor is including customs brokerage fees or insurance. Your best best, of course, is simply to ask the vendor how the shipping costs are calculated. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 17:41, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

brothers of Jesus Christ

When the Bible speaks of the four brothers of Jesus Christ, who were they really? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.211.97.238 (talk) 17:02, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

We can't tell you who they really were, we're a bunch of strangers on the internet. We do have an article Historical Jesus. μηδείς (talk) 17:15, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Well, it is possible one of us knows, just not likely.Richard-of-Earth (talk) 19:28, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

See Matthew 13:55.—Wavelength (talk) 20:17, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Jehovah's Witnesses have published the article "Jesus’ Family—Who Were They?" at http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2003920.

—Wavelength (talk) 20:34, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

This question (or a similar one) is now also being asked at the Humanities desk. Should they be merged? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 21:20, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Brothers of Jesus. 31.54.195.124 (talk) 22:16, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

There is a Greek word for "cousin", as our article notes:

The term "brother" (adelphos) is distinct in Greek from "cousin" (anepsios), and the second-century Christian writer Hegesippus distinguishes between those who were "cousins" of Jesus (anepsioi) and his "brothers."

Nobody in the New Testament ever refers to Jesus' cousins, only to his brothers (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55, John 7:3, Acts 1:14, 1 Corinthians 9:5). Consider James the Just, the most well-attested of the brothers. Mark and Matthew both call him Jesus' brother, as does Paul, who personally met him (Galatians 1:18-19). Even the Jewish historian Josephus refers to him as "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James". --Bowlhover (talk) 00:51, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

And, of course, there was Jesus' brother Bob Blueboar (talk) 13:15, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

February 20

Gas mask and exercise

it kind of looked like this

While going home from work, I passed by a guy who was exercising in a park. He has strapped some sort of elastic contraption to a lamppost and pull it within certain intervals. I usually just ignore such people but this one has some sort of gas mask on. The mask only covers the bottom part of his face. The mask caused me to hear his breathing which seems to need some exertion to do so.

So what is he doing? Some sort of intense breathing exercise or does he want to become Bane?

Sorry in advance for not providing an image, it was dark and I thought it was a bad idea to take a pic of a musclebound guy without his consent. --Lenticel ^(talk) 03:09, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

• The most obvious answer (to my mind) is that he was wearing an Elevated Training Mask. You see these in coastal and low-lying areas where genuine altitude training isn't practically possible. I seem to recall them being popular in the Netherlands for cyclists training for Alps and mountain events, for example. They have a range of purposes and our article altitude training has more details. Of course, he could genuinely be a super-villain or an actor practising for a movie role. St★lwart¹¹¹ 05:21, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

• That might be it. The mask kind of looks like that. My area is a bit closer to sea level too. Thanks!--Lenticel ^(talk) 07:57, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Interesting. I understand simulated altitude training via "mask-based hypoxicator system where the barometric pressure is kept the same, but the oxygen content is reduced which also reduces the partial pressure of oxygen" (per our altitude training article), but the Elevated Training Mask you linked to is simply a restricted flow device with different resistance valves to simulate different altitudes. Would that make this is a form of hypoventilation training? I don't see this style of mask discussed in either article. -- ToE 13:13, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

That company was a common sponsor on UFC fighter shorts. Some UFC fighters have excellent cardio. Therefore, it might work. Even if it doesn't, it's going to influence whether people want to wear it. InedibleHulk (talk) 06:42, February 21, 2015 (UTC)

• He could also have a severe pollen/mold/etc. allergy and need that mask to breathe properly. StuRat (talk) 06:30, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Down on the ground. It's a gerbil. It's a sloth. It's Allergy Man, a founding member of the Legion of Less-than-super Heroes. (Aquaman is an honorary member.) Clarityfiend (talk) 07:34, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

"He's the allergy that the wiki deserves, but not the one it needs right now" --Lenticel ^(talk) 07:57, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Even more likely is a Cold Weather Breathing Mask [9] - see Running in Cold Weather & Breathing Masks. According to our news, it's rather chilly in America at the moment. Alansplodge (talk) 09:18, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

• Correction: it's rather chilly in a large part of the US at the moment. (For those used to Celsius and wanting to read the temperature scale: −20°C = −4°F, −10°C = 14°F, 0°C = 32°F, 10°C = 50°F, 20°C = 68°F.) --70.49.169.244 (talk) 16:56, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

I'd actually considered that... but muscle-bound guy in a park in the dark... dounded like he was having trouble breathing (one of the key features of the high altitude masks). Seemed unlikely that it was cold enough for the guy to need such a mask but warm enough to be exercising in the park in clothing revealing enough to know he was muscle-bound (in the dark). But still more likely than "it was Bane". St★lwart¹¹¹ 12:40, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Apologies - it seems that User:Lenticel may be writing from the Philippines (at least, he went to university there according to his user page) and it's probably not snowing there. It was the picture of the American policeman that made me bark up the wrong tree. Alansplodge (talk) 14:00, 20 February 2015 (UTC)'

Could it be the person is particularly worried about haze or air pollution? (I don't think the Philippines is as affected as much as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia or Brunei, supported by Southeast Asian haze and I don't think there's currently major problems but if you're in a major metropolitian city [10] [11], particularly Manila, I would guess air quality may be suspect at times.) Many people simply wear surgical or simple dust masks which aren't particularly effective. Disposable N95 masks are recommended and are possibly somewhat effective [12] [13] [14] [15]. even I supposed for sterenous activity when the air pollution is only mild. But I guess a person particularly worried may use a catridge respirator, not concerned about the increased effort for breathing required or perhaps considering it an advantage for reasons mentioned above and I guess not concerned about how they look or the discomfort of wearing such a device. I could suggest it's User:Count Iblis, but their previous comment suggests they're not living in the Philippines (if that's where you live), even if they are concerned about air pollution while exercising. Nil Einne (talk) 14:44, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for the additional comments. Yes, I'm from the Philippines. The air pollution might be a non-issue since the area that I went to is rarely visited by vehicles and is a bit covered by trees. --Lenticel ^(talk) 05:51, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

But unless this is way outside populated areas, there will be some air pollution. It's not anything close to what's normal for, say, Beijing, but if you examine the lungs of deceased persons who have lived most of their lives in cities, you'll see that their lungs are much darker than people who have lived in rural areas. Count Iblis (talk) 00:17, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

World heritage cities

The City of Bath is in total a world heritage site. I understand that there is only one other city in the world which is in total a world heritage site. Can you tell me which city it is please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.237.83.176 (talk) 12:15, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Isn't it Vatican City? St★lwart¹¹¹ 12:36, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

That's one but it's not the only one. Here's the official list of World Heritage Sites, sorted alphabetically. If you scroll down to "City of", as well as Bath you will see Cuzco (Peru), Potosí (Bolivia), Quito (Ecuador), Safranbolu (Turkey), Valletta (Malta), and Verona (Italy). Still other cities are listed without the initial words "City of", such as Vatican City. One that I noticed was Brasília (Brazil), and quite likely there are more. --70.49.169.244 (talk) 17:07, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

I see the OP locates to the UK so they may be thinking of Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 01:09, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

But that refers only to six specific areas, not the whole city of Liverpool. --70.49.169.244 (talk) 20:05, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

True but it's the only other one in the UK that uses the word "city". CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 00:45, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

February 22

Centenarians from Marshall Islands

I've been trying to find any reports about centenarians from Marshall Islands. The oldest i've found have been less than 80 years old. Has there been any article about Marshallese that has celebrated 100th birthday or report about oldest person ever from Marshall Islands? 62.72.228.251 (talk) 10:07, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Veet

Are there any woman/women in the house?

I need some female advice please!

Does anyone use Veet? Its like a cream. I don't know what it does, I've seen the advert, girls were using it in their legs, they used something, surely it wasn't a blade, I would like to use it under my arms and in my front bottom, mainly for my beard, question is:

1. Do you have to use a blade or the hair falls off automatically after wash?
2. Does it make it go all bushy afterwards, like what you find when you shave...meaning the more you shave the harder, thicker and bushier it becomes...?
3. How often do you have to use it? does it go over a couple/few months?

Note: A machine called 'No No Pro' apparently does the trick. I'm unable to buy it at the moment... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 18:49, 22 February 2015 (UTC))

My brother uses it (or some version of it made for men). It's a depilatory cream, which chemically burns the hair off. I could not tell you whether it makes hair thicker after (since my brother was drawing comparisons to Tommy Chong before he dropped out of high school), but I would recommend trying it on your face before trying it anywhere else (what with the chemical burning).

I think the item the girls in the advertisement would have been using is just a scraper to pull off the cream and the hair. Ian.thomson (talk) 18:54, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Thank you. -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

I think this goes over the line into medical advice, but usually one tries dyes and such on a small patch of the arm or leg first to see if there's an allergic or other reaction. The last thing you want to do is spend the rest of your life explaining the potential red mark on your cheek. μηδείς (talk) 19:04, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

I didn't know, if I had the knowledge I wouldn't have posted this... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

True, though I'd rather have a red mark on my face than cause such a sensation on my nethers. Ian.thomson (talk) 19:36, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Lol. -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

The answer is to read the instructions and to call the 1-800-CSR-SRVC number that always exists on such products, not here. μηδείς (talk) 02:45, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

IMO, that is extremely inappropriate advice. If such products cause burning to the point that they leave permanent marks, they shouldn't be used anywhere on the body, particularly the face. In any case, this is hovering way too close to medical advice for comfort. A pharmacist is the best person to advise on product choice in this area. -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 20:56, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Lol. Don't take things the wrong way please, Ian was meaning something else... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

People have different sensitivities to chemicals like this, so it makes sense to test them first in a hidden area, rather than banning them for everyone. A pharmacist couldn't say anything besides what it says on the package (to test them first in a hidden area, etc.). StuRat (talk) 21:01, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

I was thinking of this too... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

That's rubbish, StuRat. Do you seriously believe pharmacists undergo 4 or 5 years' training and end up knowing no more about the products they sell than whatever they can read on the labels? If that's actually true in your country, I am glad I don't live there. -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 08:14, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Considering that many people with doctorates studied that product directly and then decided on the label recommendations, it's not at all surprising that they would know better what to do than a pharmacist would. What pharmacists are good for is alerting patients to potential drug interactions, since the manufacturers can't test every combo of drugs, so having experience with patients taking multiple drugs helps there (of course, having access to a massive database of all reported drug interactions is better still). StuRat (talk) 21:17, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

And you can always read Veet. Nanonic (talk) 19:19, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

I am male, and use Veet (or similar products). You need to start by understanding that everybody is different, and since Veet relies on a particular standard mixture of chemicals not everyone's results will be the same. I use depilatory creams, in combination with electric razors, everywhere on my body except my face and head. Here are my answers to your questions, based on my own experience: (1) No, you don't have to use a blade. The spatula-like applicator doubles as a scraper, and this, together with a face-cloth, should be enough to remove the hair once you've completed the application and waiting process. (2) No, it doesn't make you bushier or harder with time. In fact, neither does shaving, so far as I can tell. Rather, shaved hair feels harder because it's cut sharply at the ends, whereas unshaved hair tends to be smoother at the end. (3) I use it every week or two, which may be a bit on the high side, but it works for me. (4) Sometimes the product is available in tubes marked "facial quality"; I've never noticed a particular difference, but I don't use it on my face anyway. I use a plain electric razor on my face, and have done since I started shaving. Wet razors require the use of a soap-like shaving cream or foam, and this seems (anecdotally) to dry the skin more than an electric razor. I have not used soap on my face since I was a teenager. (I use a foil-type electic razor, rather than one of the Phillips rotating head designs. The general consensus amongst those of my friends who use electric razors is to avoid rotating head razors, as they seem to be extremely uncomfortable, but this may simply be that you prefer what you're used to.) I have the impression that people who use electric razors have better skin over time, but it's hard to tell, and I may just be lucky.

In common with every other respondent, I want to stress this: you absolutely must experiment carefully first. Try the product on a tiny patch of skin, and then wait for a few days before deciding what to do next. You have to experiment carefully to find out how long you can safely leave the depilatory on your skin before it damages you, and how often you can use it. I seem to be lucky, and have a fairly high tolerance for the stuff, but I've heard some horror stories from other users. Try it on a patch on your arm first, and see how you go. You can gradually try other areas, and you'll get an idea of how everything works. Save your face till late into the process, if you're planning to use it there. Remember that there are lots of other ways to manage your facial hair, if Veet isn't perfect for you.

I really want to make this clear: BE VERY CAREFUL, and TEST AND MONITOR the process at every stage, even once you're using the product regularly. The chemicals are strong, and if you use them wrongly you can damage your skin. Follow the instructions on the packet carefully.

A useful thing to do, if you can, is to talk to your friends about their experiences with Veet and other depilatory creams. They do work, but you need to follow the instructions carefully, and results vary from person to person. Good luck. RomanSpa (talk) 21:27, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

@RomanSpa: Yes you are lucky, people who shave, the hair becomes thicker; it becomes like the head (changing the word 'bushier') once you leave it for a while; too much hair all over the face in other words... Electric razors and machines take the hair root (I don't know what you call it) deep inside your skin, resulting in pulling your skin to shave... I use trimmer, plucker and scissors, since childhood, the art of effort inserted every time is unbearable now; guess I'm getting old... I somehow managed to clean it every 2/3/4 weeks, though whenever I use blade it messes it up badly...it takes months to get back to 2/3/4 weeks routine... There is no one I can ask except you guys...long story...

Thank you for the advises friends, I was not aware of the product, I feel good now that I've sought advice before I planned on buying it; I would've used it straight away all over my body straight after buying, without even knowing...lol. After reading all of your comments, I'm imagining now what would've happened if I actually covered myself in it...lol. Thank you for saving me 'Supermen' . I'm buying it in couple of weeks, when I'll become free, fingers crossed, hopefully it works... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

Actually RomanSpa is right. There's no good evidence that shaving makes hair grow back thicker. What evidence does exist [16] [17] [18], as well as basic science suggests this isn't true. Nil Einne (talk) 14:46, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

How do you explain the colour change, from light to dark, after shaving often? Plus hair roots more than before? It does grow thicker and faster, not as thick as in like a pole... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 18:41, 23 February 2015 (UTC))

Lots of people make that claim, but it doesn't stand up to scientific analysis. The reason is probably that people shave when their hair starts growing thicker and darker, and then notice that the remaining cut ends are thicker than the previous lighter hair that has been cut off, so they think that shaving has made the hair thicker and darker. Dbfirs 19:11, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

I'm unaware of this... -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 07:51, 24 February 2015 (UTC))

Note that a number of reasons why people may think the hair grows back thicker is mentioned in the refs I provided. That's partially why I provided them. Nil Einne (talk) 12:39, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Lol Sorry Nil, its the end of the month, I'm low on Mbs. I have saved the links anyways. By the time I top up, I'll forget, but I'll read it when I get the spare time... Thank you -- (Angelos|Angelus (talk) 19:07, 24 February 2015 (UTC))

Resolved

Milton

Milton, FL has been known by different names in the past including: Jernigan's Landing, Scratch Ankle (due to the briars), and Hard Scrabble. I wanted to know information about Jernigan's Landing, and Hard Scrabble...why the names? How long were they used? We celebrate an annual Scratch Ankle Festival...but I've never heard of these other names before. Thank you for any information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.234.74.28 (talk) 20:19, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

"Hard scrabble" doesn't just mean an annoying word game, it's an old expression for land that is difficult to plow, or, more generally "a difficult way to make a living". Does either description match Milton, FL ? StuRat (talk) 20:48, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Indeed. There is a Hard Scrabble Road near me in Vermont that is attributed to the small amount of top soil that we have which quickly turns to rock as you go down. Dismas|^(talk) 20:53, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

As for "Jernigan's Landing", see Santa Rosa Press Gazette: February 15, 2008 'The City of Milton has been ordered by the Department of Environmental Protection to cease work on portions of the Locklin Lake dam, after workers unearthed the historic remains of an old saw mill dating back to 1830, credited with the founding of Milton... A notice in the Pensacola Gazette on April 24, 1847 announced the death of Benjamin Jernigan, proclaimed as “one of the oldest inhabitants of the state.” Jernigan had, in fact, settled in the area some 30 years before the Civil War and more than 15 years before Florida officially became part of the Union. His name has appeared in print again recently on the pages of this very newspaper after workers uncovered the remains of a water-powered sawmill Jernigan built between 1828-1830, at what is now Locklin Lake.' . Alansplodge (talk) 13:27, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Santa Rosa County by Laurie Green (p. 7) says that the settlement became known as "Milltown" by 1839. Alansplodge (talk) 13:31, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

I have updated the "History" section of our Milton, Florida article accordingly, for the benefit of curious Miltonians (Miltonites? Miltoners? Miltonards?). Alansplodge (talk) 16:58, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

February 23

What does it mean when a Youtube subscription gets a number next to it?

I used to think it meant "they've uploaded that many new videos you haven't seen," but check out hkl4dplayer in this screenshot: http://gyazo.com/b2cd239b26ff66f893ef721e1bca9e4f I added him less than a year ago, he's done nothing since, so why did he recently gain a 1 next to his name? 107.10.22.138 (talk) 18:08, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

How many videos did he have when you added him? If only 1, then did you watch it? KägeTorä - (^影_虎) (Chin Wag) 20:14, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

He had ALL of those videos when I added him. He probably hasn't logged into Youtube for months, that's why I don't get why I got any sort of notification for him. Nothing at all has changed on his account. 107.10.22.138 (talk) 03:22, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

1957 Chevy frame

Did the hardtop come on a convertible frame, to help prevent roll overs?

Thanks, Sherman Oakes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.97.229.30 (talk) 20:17, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

The type of top doesn't do anything to the stability of the vehicle. Also, a hard top is is just sheet steel or fiber-glass and collapse with a 35 cwt car on top of it. One needs a roll cage for protection. Roll over protection structures were common earlier but as far as I know, not on cars until the 1960's. Ordinary saloons cars at the Daytona Races may have been retrofitted with roll cages because that would make sense but I don't have any info for which date they were introduced but I think it wasn't until the 1960's either.--Aspro (talk) 15:47, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

The type of top makes a difference for the stability, affecting both chassis stiffness and centre of gravity. 131.251.254.154 (talk) 17:37, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

In what way? A 1957 Chevy was not a monocoque. It had a separate chassis and body shell. So stiffness and C of G argument is moot. Whether the car was pillar-less or not, there was not much mass above the centre of gravity. That is not what causes a automobile to turn over however. It was the forward kinetic energy being vectored in a direction were you did not want your car to follow. A flat-six engine may have helped from the C of G point of view but Chevy's did not have flats. So stop trying to inject nonsense into the OP's question.--Aspro (talk) 18:07, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Please don't bite. He was unaware that the stability issue with convertibles was limited to unibody/monocoque designs, or that a 1957 Chevy was a full frame vehicle, but that's no reason to yell at him. He gave a good faith reply.

The one way I can think that a convertible top could cause a rollover even in a full-frame vehicle is if the top is half open while driving, and catches the wind. Probably not enough to flip the car alone, but if the car was taking a sharp turn at the time, it might be enough to push it over the line. StuRat (talk) 21:25, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Hum. I'm willing to be corrected but was my 1957 Chevy a full frame? It looked like a body-on-frame to me at the time. But alas, my mind is ossifying with age You Are Old, Father William and my cherished Chev has probably returned to its natural state of iron oxide long ago, so the evidence has gone long, long ago. Oh What fun I had in that - but then my daddy got a job and a had a real auto!!!--Aspro (talk) 21:53, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

• Could be body-on-frame, too, I'm not sure.

• I hope you took my point on not biting. We are here to answer Q's, not to criticize others who make good faith attempts to do so.

• Yes, the cars we long for, once purchased, eventually turn into rust. How ironic. StuRat (talk) 22:00, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Have you considered buying a Land Rover [19] Aluminium! Or a DeLorean DMC-12 stainless steel. I'm sure my Chev had a body on frame. This is maybe not a very good WP reference but it and my eyes (and failing memory) says it all. Uni-body frame vs. Full frame explained But I did like it when my daddy could afford to buy me real auto with self-seeking radio and an electric antenna that came up when I switched on the ignition and I did not have to keep my foot on the gas peddle as the cruse control did it all for me … but still, I did like the Chev. Trouble was, that it had cloth upholstery and I could not get the stains off the back seats, regardless of what miracle cleaner I threw at them.--Aspro (talk) 22:33, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

February 24

What's the image in this autostereogram?

This is a screenshot from Gravity Falls, and I'm pretty sure that's an autostereogram. Normally I can do those, but when I look at this poster and focus my eyes correctly, there doesn't seem to be anything there. It's just a pattern without an image hidden inside. Others who can view stereograms, do you see anything? --Ye Olde Luke (talk) 03:25, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

I cannot see an image inside the pattern, but it looks to me like the poster has a big hole with the horse and dancer being part of the poster while the pattern is behind the poster and seen through the hole. PrimeHunter (talk) 03:40, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

FWIW, I can't see anything. I have to cross rather than 'de-cross' my eyes, which usually gives the intended image sunk rather than raised (or vice-versa depending on what's intended) but I'm getting nothing on this one. Hypotheses: (a) it's a bluff; (b) the detail is too degraded in this repro of the original. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 212.95.237.92 (talk) 14:22, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

This page [20] claims that it is an autostereogram, but does not say what the intended 3D image is... SemanticMantis (talk) 16:44, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

It's an autostereogram of a flat plane. —Tamfang (talk) 19:55, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Nothing there. It's just a tiled pattern that looks like an autostereogram. Presumably it "is" an autostereogram within the world of the cartoon, just like a white rectangle with lines and squiggles could "be" a newspaper. --Amble (talk) 22:48, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Black Ink

Why is it that, in the UK, with many official forms you may have to fill in, you are required to write in black ink? Why specifically black? Why not blue? Is it something to do with the copying process they may have (black may stand out more on a scanner, for example)? KägeTorä - (^影_虎) (Chin Wag) 21:07, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Yea, probably because it copies better. Consider if you were using a 3-color copier that was out of blue toner or ink. StuRat (talk) 21:10, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Yes. Some colors blue do not copy well. See Non-photo blue RudolfRed (talk) 21:11, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Not only do some colors not mimeograph well (google), other colors like red may be reserved for use by the office for special mark-up purposes, and they don't want you distracting them. Many modern forms do seem to allow either blue or black ink. μηδείς (talk) 21:16, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Here in the UK, hospital pharmacists use green pens for the same reason that early photocopies reproduced it better than blue. I've recently noticed too that the black pen requirement for official forms is seldom stated now. --Aspro (talk) 21:33, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Fire at The Marina Torch

How was the recent fire at The Marina Torch in Dubai managed in such a way that it caused no casualties, let alone no fatalities? If a building starts burning on the 50th floor, and then spreads to dozens of other floors, what mechanisms are in place to manage this kind of event? The Rambling Man (talk) 21:58, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

The fire was only up one side, as far as I can tell. Buildings such as this generally do have multiple stairwells, so evacuation would be able to be carried out as effectively as possible. KägeTorä - (^影_虎) (Chin Wag) 22:18, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

I worked at 140 West Street, across the street from the North Tower during 9/11, and it was very severly damaged. The building was built in the 20's, yet still had four corner escape stairways with fire doors at each exit. You'd basically have had to bomb or set on fire each of the four stairwells to prevent safe exit, and although debris from the World Trade Center fell into the building, there were no casualties. One would assume a more modern building would be at least as well designed. μηδείς (talk) 01:16, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

One problem in the evacuation of tall buildings is getting everyone out in a timely manner. The best approach is to do a zone by zone evacuation, where people in the areas of immediate danger are evacuated first, while the rest wait. This avoids having the stairwells become clogged with people. There can also be an issue with smoke in the stairwells, but there are emergency ventilation systems to deal with that. StuRat (talk) 02:45, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

February 25

Chromium Picolinate

What are natural sources of Chromium Picolinate, as in foods, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluebottle103 (talk • contribs) 03:59, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Chromium picolinate μηδείς (talk) 05:34, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

That article doesn't provide any information whatever to answer this question. This says: It is relatively easy to get safe and adequate amounts of chromium (11 to 45 micrograms per day) by eating a variety of foods like broccoli, grape juice, whole grains, potatoes, orange juice, and turkey. - but doesn't say that this is in the form of the Picolinate. SteveBaker (talk) 06:30, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

So I should stop licking the front of 1950's cars to get my daily chromium allowance ? :-) StuRat (talk) 06:37, 25 February 2015 (UTC)