Windows 10

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"Windows 9" redirects here. For the series of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems produced from 1995 to 2000, see Windows 9x.
For Windows 10 on smartphones and sub 8″ tablets, see Windows 10 (mobile).
Windows 10
A version of the Windows NT operating system
Windows 10 Logo.svg
Windows 10.jpg
Screenshot of a Windows 10 build as revealed at Microsoft's 2015 January press conference, showing its desktop, taskbar, and Start menu
Developer Microsoft
Latest preview Technical Preview (v10.0.10041) / March 18, 2015; 2 days ago (2015-03-18)
Update method Windows Update, Windows Store, Windows Server Update Services
Platforms IA-32, x64, ARMv7
Kernel type Hybrid (Windows NT)
Preceded by Windows 8.1 (2013)
Official website windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/home

Windows 10 (codenamed Threshold) is an upcoming personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. First presented in April 2014 at the Build Conference, it is scheduled to be released in mid 2015,[1] and is currently in public beta testing. During its first year of availability, upgrades to Windows 10 will legally be offered at no charge for (licensed or non-licensed) consumer users of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1.

The overlying goal of Windows 10 is to unify the Windows PC, Windows Phone, Windows Embedded and Xbox One product families, as well as new product categories such as the Surface Hub and HoloLens, around a common internal core. These products will also share a common application architecture and ecosystem known as "Universal apps"—an evolution of the Windows Runtime platform introduced by Windows 8. Windows 10 also provides further integration with Microsoft services and platforms, such as the addition of the Cortana assistant, a notification system that can be synchronized between devices, and new Xbox Live features. Windows 10 will also introduce a new bundled web browser to replace Internet Explorer.

Windows 10's user interface is an evolution upon that of Windows 8, with a focus on transitioning between behaviors suitable for the type of device and the available input methods. To improve the experience for keyboard and mouse users, Windows 10 adds a new revision of the desktop Start menu and a virtual desktop system, and allows modern apps to run within windows on the desktop as well as in full-screen mode. The operating system will also introduce new technologies and system components, including DirectX 12 and new frameworks for biometric authentication.

Development[edit]

In December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8, codenamed Threshold after a planet in Microsoft’s Halo franchise.[2] Similarly to "Blue" (which became Windows 8.1),[3] Foley called Threshold a "wave of operating systems" across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, scheduled for the second quarter of 2015. Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One (which all use a similar Windows NT kernel).[2][4] It was speculated that Threshold would be branded as "Windows 9".[5]

In April 2014, at the Build Conference, Microsoft’s Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8.1 that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows, and a more traditional Start menu in place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7’s design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column. The second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson stated that these changes would occur in a future update, but did not elaborate.[6][7] Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a "universal Windows app," allowing modern apps to be ported to Windows Phone 8.1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase, and allowing user data and licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms.[6][8]

In July 2014, Microsoft’s new CEO Satya Nadella explained that the company was planning to "streamline the next version of Windows from three operating systems into one single converged operating system for screens of all sizes," unifying Windows, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded around a common architecture and a unified application ecosystem. However, Nadella stated that these internal changes would not have any effect on how the operating systems are marketed and sold.[9][10] Screenshots of a Windows build which purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014, showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed modern apps[4] followed by further screenshot in September 2014 of a build identifying itself as "Windows Technical Preview", numbered 9834, showing a new virtual desktop system, a notification center, and a new File Explorer icon inspired by the Metro design language.[11]

Announcement[edit]

Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30, 2014, under the name Windows 10; Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft’s "most comprehensive platform ever," providing a single, unified platform for desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices.[5][12][13] He emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve the experience for users on non-touch devices, noting criticism of Windows 8’s touch-oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users.[14][15] Despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would "evolve" as well on 10.[16] In describing the changes, Joe Belfiore likened the two operating systems to electric cars, comparing Windows 7 to a first-generation Toyota Prius hybrid, and Windows 10 to an all-electric Tesla—considering the latter to be an extension of the technology first introduced in the former.[17] Regarding the operating system’s name, Terry Myerson refused to elaborate on why Microsoft skipped directly from Windows 8 to 10, stating only that "based on the product that’s coming, and just how different our approach will be overall, it wouldn’t be right". He also joked that they couldn’t call it "Windows One" (alluding to several recent Microsoft products with a similar brand, such as OneNote, Xbox One and OneDrive) because they had already made a Windows 1.[5]

Further details surrounding 10’s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21, 2015, entitled "Windows 10: The Next Chapter". The keynote featured the unveiling of Cortana integration within the operating system, new Xbox-oriented features, Windows 10 for phones and small tablets, an updated Office Mobile suite, Surface Hub—a large-screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration based upon Perceptive Pixel technology,[18] along with HoloLens—augmented reality eyewear and an associated platform for building apps that can render "holograms" through HoloLens.[19] Additional information surrounding Windows 10 is expected to be announced during Build 2015.[14][16][20]

Features[edit]

A major aspect of Windows 10 is a focus on harmonizing user experiences and functionality between different classes of devices, along with addressing shortcomings in the Windows user interface that was first introduced in Windows 8.[14][15][21] Continuing with this pattern, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1 unveiled at the same event is also branded as Windows 10, and will share some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart.[22]

User interface and desktop[edit]

Windows 10’s user interface changes its behavior depending on the type of device being used and available input methods. A new feature called Continuum handles transitions between interface modes on convertible laptops and tablets with docking keyboards. When a keyboard is attached, users are asked if they want to switch to a user interface mode that is optimized for mouse and keyboard, or stay within the touch-optimized mode.[15] A new iteration of the Start menu is used, with an application list and the "All apps" button on the left side, and live tiles on the right. The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in touch environments.[14][21][23]

The "Task View" display allows the use of multiple workspaces.

A new virtual desktop system known as Task View was added. Clicking the Task View button on the taskbar or swiping from the left side of the screen displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces. Windows Store apps, which previously could only be used full-screen, can now be used in desktop windows or full-screen mode.[14][21] Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen.[21] Windows' system icons were also changed to a new, flatter design.[23]

The charms have been removed; their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an "App commands" menu on their titlebar.[14][21] In its place is Action Center, which displays notifications and settings toggles. It is accessed by clicking an icon in the system tray, or dragging from the right of the screen. Notifications can be synced between multiple devices.[22][23] The Settings app (formerly PC Settings) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel.[24][25]

System and security[edit]

Windows 10 will incorporate multi-factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance.[26] The operating system includes improved support for biometric authentication through the "Windows Hello" and "Passport" platforms; devices with supported cameras (requiring infrared illumination) will allow users to login with face or iris recognition, similarly to Kinect. Fingerprint recognition login is also available on devices with supported readers. Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric encryption. The "Passport" platform will allow networks, software and websites to authenticate users using either a PIN or biometric login to verify their identity, without sending a password.[27] On the enterprise version of Windows 10, administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data, selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data, or even outright require all software to be signed with a Microsoft key.[26]

To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system, Windows 10 will automatically compress system files. The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1.5 GB for 32-bit systems and 2.6 GB for 64-bit systems. The level of compression used will be dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs, which will test how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance. Furthermore, the Refresh and Reset functions will use runtime system files instead, making a separate recovery partition redundant, allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation, and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB. These functions replace the "WIMBoot" mode introduced on Windows 8.1 Update, which allowed OEMs to configure low-capacity devices with flash-based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery.[28][29][30] Windows 10 also includes a related function in its Settings app known as "Storage Sense", which allows users to view a breakdown of how their device's storage capacity is being used by different types of files, and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default.[31]

Online services and functionality[edit]

Windows 10 introduces a new default web browser codenamed "Spartan"; which will use a new "Edge" layout engine forked from Trident[32][33] Internet Explorer will remain alongside "Spartan" for scenarios which may require IE-specific functionality.[34] Cortana will be integrated into "Spartan", providing contextual information about webpages and searches.

Windows 10 incorporates Microsoft’s intelligent personal assistant, Cortana, which was first introduced with Windows Phone 8.1 in 2014. Cortana will replace Windows' embedded search feature, supporting both text and voice input. Many of the features are a direct carry-over from Windows Phone, including integration with Bing, setting reminders, a "Notebook" feature for managing personal information, as well as searching for files, playing music, launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails.[35][36] Cortana is implemented as a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons, which can be hidden or condensed to a single button.[23]

Multimedia and gaming[edit]

Windows 10 will provide heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem: an updated Xbox app allows users to browse their game library (including both PC and Xbox console games), and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut, allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live, OneDrive, or elsewhere.[37][38] Windows 10 will also allow users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network.[39] An Xbox Live SDK will allow application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps, and future wireless Xbox One accessories (such as controllers) will be supported on Windows with an adapter.[40]

Windows 10 adds platform-level support for the FLAC, HEVC, and Matroska media formats, allowing them to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications natively.[41][42][43]

DirectX 12[edit]

Windows 10 will ship with DirectX 12 and WDDM 2.0.[44][45] Unveiled March 2014 at GDC, DirectX aims to provide "console-level efficiency" with "closer to the metal" access to hardware resources, and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead.[46][47] Most of the performance improvements will be achieved through low-level programming APIs which can reduce single-threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs, similar to other low-level rendering technologies such as AMD's Mantle[48]

Universal apps[edit]

Universal apps are Windows Store apps that are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes, including smartphone, tablet, Xbox, and other compatible Windows 10 devices. Universal apps share code across platforms (including responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs), can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices (including notifications, credentials, and allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games), and will be distributed through a unified Windows Store. Developers can allow "cross-buys", where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user's compatible devices, rather than only the one they purchased on (i.e. a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no extra cost).[8][49][50] Windows 10 will also allow web apps to be packaged as universal apps for distribution on Windows Store.[51]

Releases[edit]

Preview releases[edit]

Main article: Windows Insider

A public beta version of Windows 10 branded as "Windows Technical Preview" was released on October 1, 2014; the technical preview builds are aimed towards enthusiasts and enterprise users. Testers who opt into the "Windows Insider" program receive occasional automatic updates to the Windows Technical Preview, allowing Microsoft to collect feedback on changes throughout development of Windows 10. In previous Windows beta programs, public preview builds were released less frequently.[14][16][52][53][54] These builds are not available to low-capacity devices configured using the "WIMBOOT" method; due to the upgrade process's need to back up the original operating system so that it can be restored if the upgrade is interrupted. Microsoft is currently "evaluating a couple of options for a safe and reliable upgrade path for those devices."[30]

Public release[edit]

Windows 10 is expected to be released to manufacturing in mid-2015.[55] While previous reports suggested a late-2015 release with an RTM in August (in line with past versions of Windows), it was reported that Microsoft wanted Windows 10 devices to be released in time for the Back to school shopping season in North America and the United Kingdom, which traditionally falls during August and September.[52][56][57][58]

The operating system will be available in 190 countries and 111 languages on-launch, and as part of efforts to "re-engage" with users in China, Microsoft also announced that it would partner with Qihoo and Tencent to help promote and distribute Windows 10 in China, and that Chinese PC maker Lenovo would provide assistance at its service centers and retail outlets for helping users upgrade to Windows 10.[59][55][60]

Users will be able to upgrade to Windows 10 using either an ISO image, or through Windows Update. Windows 7 SP1 and Windows 8.1 with prerequisite updates will support a direct upgrade path to 10 via Windows Update. Those using Windows 7 RTM, 8, or 8.1 without the prerequisite updates must upgrade using the ISO.[61] A separate update with "some" of the changes of Windows 10 is planned for Windows RT; as such, Microsoft does not officially consider these devices to be compatible with Windows 10.[61][62]

On February 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that it would provide a free ARM port of Windows 10 for Raspberry Pi 2 devices through its Internet of Things developer program.[63]

Free upgrade[edit]

During its first year of availability, upgrade licenses for Windows 10 will be available at no-charge to users of consumer editions of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1.[64] Enterprise versions of 7 and 8.1 are not eligible to receive free upgrades under this promotion, but as with previous releases, customers under an active Software Assurance (SA) agreement will be entitled to upgrade to Windows 10 under their existing contracts. Customers whose SA contract is expired, or who have enterprise licenses that only cover existing versions of Windows and have no upgrade rights, are not entitled to upgrade to Windows 10.[55][64][65]

The free upgrade to Windows 10 for consumers is only legally valid if the user's Windows installation is properly licensed. Although the free upgrade can be installed on devices running pirated and/or non-genuine copies of Windows, doing so will not result in a valid license, and the installation will still be considered non-genuine. Some media outlets misinterpreted the related announcement at WinHEC 2015 as allowing those with pirated copies of Windows to upgrade to a legitimate copy of Windows 10 for free.[66][67]

It is not known how Microsoft will monetize licenses for the consumer versions of Windows 10 following the conclusion of this promotion, although Microsoft has increasingly focused on treating the operating system as a service and a vehicle to encourage use of its subscription-based online services (such as Office 365) rather than using licenses as the main source of revenue for Windows. Microsoft also filed for a trademark for "Windows 365", implying that the company may be considering a subscription-based model for Windows in the future.[55][64][65]

Update and support system[edit]

Windows 10 will be serviced in a significantly different manner from previous releases of Windows. While Microsoft began to distribute a larger number of updates for Windows 8 that added features (such as interface improvements) beyond security patches and bug fixes, Windows 10 will adopt a tiered approach: users receive critical updates, security patches and non-critical updates to the operating system and its functionality as they are released. In business environments, administrators can choose between "Current Branch for Business" (CBB) and long-term support release channels. CBB will receive all updates at the same pace as consumers, but allow administrators to delay non-critical updates to ensure they are suitable for their environment. LTS versions of Windows 10 are periodic snapshots of Windows 10's CBB branch, and will only receive critical patches over their 10-year support lifecycle. Systems can also be placed one or two versions behind the most recent LTS version to allow for structured deployments and internal lifecycles.[64][68][69] Stella Chernyak describes that "we have businesses [that] may have mission-critical environments where we respect the fact they want to test and stabilize the environment for a long time".[70]

Windows support and update branches[64][71]
Update branch Consumer Current branch for business
(CBB)		 Long-term servicing branches
(LTS)
Licensing scheme OEM Volume licensing
Critical updates
Security patches and stability updates		 Yes Yes Yes
Non-critical updates
Functionality and feature upgrades		 Yes Yes or delay No
Preview releases
Beta releases through the Windows Insider Program
Choice of fast or slow update ring		 Optional If permitted No
Update method Windows Update Windows Update or WSUS WSUS
Upgrade support Continuous updating The three most recent LTS versions
(periodic snapshots of CBB will be released as LTS versions)
Support Lifetime of the device The three most recent LTS versions 5 years mainstream + 5 years extended
(from release date of the LTS version)

Terry Myserson explained that with these changes, Microsoft thought of Windows 10 as a "service" which would be "kept current for the supported lifetime of the device", and that "the question 'what version of Windows are you running' will cease to make sense", implying that no further paid upgrades to Windows will be released after 10.[58][64][72]

Version history[edit]

See also: Windows 10 (mobile) § Version history
Previous release Stable release Preview release
Table of versions: Windows 10
Build
Version		 Release date Highlights

9841
6.4.9841
[73]

October 1, 2014

9860
6.4.9860
[77]

 October 21, 2014

9879
6.4.9879
[79]

 November 12, 2014

9926
10.0.9926
[83]

 January 23, 2015
  • Restyled window frames
  • Taskbar re-styled with new opaque appearance, smaller application icons, and underlines to denote active applications.[24]
  • Taskbar search button changed to a search box by default
  • Cortana support for U.S. English locale.
  • Full screen button added to Start menu[23]

New universal apps

  • Alarm app including world clock, timer and stop watch[84]
  • Calculator app replacing the traditional Win32 calculator
  • Maps app with Cortana integration[85]
  • Photos app with aggregated content and automatic enhancements.[22]
  • Settings app updated with new layout.[25]
  • Xbox app with support for sharing of in game video, streaming to Windows 10 devices[37]

10041
10.0.10041
[86]

 March 18, 2015
(Fast update ring)
  • Cortana support added for China, France, Germany, Italy, Spain & United Kingdom
  • Handwriting input canvas optimizations for short text entries
  • Insider Hub, Photos and Windows Feedback apps have been updated
  • Lock screen changes with "did you know" backgrounds to help users with Windows 10
  • Network connections as a fly-out from the taskbar instead of through the Settings app
  • Open applications do not appear on the taskbar across all virtual desktops by default, and can be moved across desktops
  • Print to PDFs
  • Start button is smaller and has a new hover animation
  • Start menu functionality changes and transparency option

System requirements[edit]

Minimum hardware requirements[edit]

The basic hardware requirements to install the Windows 10 Technical Preview are the same as Windows 8.1, however some older 64-bit CPUs may not be supported as well as some 32 GB and all 16 GB devices running a compressed WIMBoot (Windows Image File Boot) operating system.[87][88]

Minimum hardware requirements
Requirement Minimum specification
Processor 1 GHz clock rate
IA-32 or x64 architecture
with support for NX bit, PAE, and SSE2.
Memory (RAM) 1 GB for 32-bit edition
2 GB for 64-bit edition
Free storage space 16 GB
Graphics Card DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
Display resolution 1024×768 pixels to run Windows Store apps.

See also[edit]

Portal icon Microsoft portal
Portal icon Software portal

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Windows 9x
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